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גָּדוֹל

great

‘great’ is one of 12 main senses fuller range ↓

H1419 Strong's Hebrew
gâdôwl Transliteration
/gaw-dole'/ Pronunciation
Usage in the Hebrew Bible 530 appearances

Compare with another word →

About this entry

At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.

“great” is the headline sense of the Hebrew word גדול (gâdôwl). Carrying more than one sense, it rewards its full sense range. The Hebrew Bible uses it across 499 verses — common. First canonically at Genesis 1:16, it enters the text early. It shares a root with גדל, גדל and גדל. The sections below give every sense, occurrence, and version rendering.

Gloss history

Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship

Strong's · 1890
aloud
Modern gloss
great
Strong's 1890 sometimes compressed multiple senses — or homonymous roots — under one number, and used 19th-century English phrasing that no longer carries the same connotation. The modern gloss reflects current BDB scholarship; open the Lexicon Entry tab for the full sense breakdown. Download share card

About this word

Strong's H1419 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.

These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →

499
distinct verses
The word appears in 499 distinct verses.
35 / 39
OT books
The word appears in 35 of 39 Old Testament books.
Genesis 1:16
first appearance
The earliest occurrence is in Genesis 1:16.
Malachi 4:5
last appearance
The latest occurrence is in Malachi 4:5.
#93
by frequency
Top 100 most frequent Hebrew words (rank 93 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).

View all 499 occurrences in the concordance →


Most concentrated in

By section of the Old Testament

  • Pentateuch 96 · 19%
  • Historical 213 · 43%
  • Wisdom 41 · 8%
  • Prophets 149 · 30%

By traditional corpus

Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 499 distinct verses.

  • Prophets (Nevi'im) 269 verses · 54%
  • Writings (Ketuvim) 134 verses · 27%
  • Torah (Pentateuch) 96 verses · 19%

How translations render this word

Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).

BDB lists this Strong’s number as 2 distinct words (homographs). Each count above pools all of them and is not split by sense — see the Senses section below. A low-frequency rendering may belong to a different one of those words, not the primary meaning.

  • King James Version: Great 284×, High 20×, Loud 19×
  • American Standard Version: Great 263×, High 19×, Loud 18×
  • Berean Standard Bible: Great 230×, Large 27×, High 20×
  • unfoldingWord Literal Text: Great 371×, Is great 14×, Large 13×

King James Version Public Domain

Renders H1419 across 525 tagged occurrences — most commonly:

  • “Great” 284×
  • “High” 20×
  • “Loud” 19×
  • “Is great” 14×
  • “Greater” 9×
  • “Greatest” 8×
  • “Was a great” 8×
  • “Elder” 6×
  • “Eldest” 6×
  • “All this great” 5×
  • “Great things” 5×
  • “Mighty” 5×

Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 87 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 4 further occurrences.

American Standard Version Public Domain

Renders H1419 across 524 tagged occurrences — most commonly:

  • “Great” 263×
  • “High” 19×
  • “Loud” 18×
  • “Is great” 13×
  • “Greater” 9×
  • “Elder” 8×
  • “Was a great” 7×
  • “Great things” 6×
  • “Greatest” 6×
  • “All this great” 5×
  • “Was great” 5×
  • “All the great” 4×

Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 111 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.

Berean Standard Bible Public Domain

Renders H1419 across 501 tagged occurrences — most commonly:

  • “Great” 230×
  • “Large” 27×
  • “High” 20×
  • “Greatest” 14×
  • “Loud” 14×
  • “Mighty” 11×
  • “Greater” 10×
  • “Older” 9×
  • “Great things” 6×
  • “Old” 6×
  • “Terrible” 6×
  • “Great is” 5×

Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 75 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 22 further occurrences.

unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0

Renders H1419 across 524 tagged occurrences — most commonly:

  • “Great” 371×
  • “Is great” 14×
  • “Large” 13×
  • “Greater” 9×
  • “High” 9×
  • “Loud” 9×
  • “Older” 9×
  • “Things” 7×
  • “Greatest” 5×
  • “Great ones” 4×
  • “Oldest” 4×
  • “Will be great” 4×

Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 36 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.


13 senses and sub-senses in the full BDB

What do BDB’s symbols mean?

BDB uses these scholarly abbreviations:

Symbol Meaning
𝔊 the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation, LXX)
𝔙 the Vulgate (the Latin translation)
𝔖 the Syriac version (the Peshitta)
𝔗 the Targum (the Aramaic translation)
ψ the Psalms
√ root (the underlying root or stem)
‖ parallel passage (a synonymous or contrasted parallel)
† the dagger: every passage where the word occurs is cited

The 13 senses and sub-senses the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency), with BDB’s own verbatim wording and sub-sense lettering. Shown in Hebrew script with BDB’s own scholarly abbreviations. The condensed entry is in the Lexicon Entry tab. See also the Forms in the corpus table below.

גדול I great

  • 1. in magnitude and extent, e.g. sea Nu 34:6, river Gn 15:18, wilderness Dt 1:19, rain 1 K 18:45, mountain Zc 4:7, city Gn 10:12, house Je 52:13, altar Jos 22:10, throne 2 Ch 9:17, sea-monsters Gn 1:21, fish Jon 2:1, eagle Ez 17:3, terebinth 2 S 18:9, substance Gn 15:14, wealth Dn 11:2, victory 1 S 19:5; 1 S 19:22 בּוֹר הַגָּדוֹל read ב׳ הַגֹּרֶן according to 𝔊 We Dr. e.g. Numbers 34:6
  • 2. in number, e.g. nation Gn 12:2, congregation Je 31:8, camp 1 Ch 12:22, army Ez 17:17, sacrifice 2 K 10:19. slaughter Dt 28:59 1 S 4:17. e.g. Genesis 12:2
  • 3. in intensity, fear Dt 4:34, weeping Is 38:3, power כּחַ Ex 32:11, joy Jon 4:6, anger Dt 29:23, indignation Je 21:5, sin Gn 20:9, iniquity Gn 4:13, evil Gn 39:9, trespass Ez 9:7. e.g. Deuteronomy 4:34
  • 4. in sound, loud voice Gn 39:14, cry Ex 11:6, shout Jos 6:5. e.g. Genesis 39:14
  • 5. in age, elder, eldest, son Gn 27:1, daughter Gn 29:16, brother Gn 10:21, sister Ez 16:46. e.g. Genesis 27:1
  • 6. in importance,
    • a. things †(הַ)דָּבָר (הַ)גָּדֹל an important thing or affair Ex 18:22 Dt 4:32 1 S 12:16 2 K 5:13; 8:13; יום יהוה Je 30:7 Ho 2:2 Jo 2:11; 3:4 Zp 1:14 Mal 3:23. e.g. Exodus 18:22
    • b. of men, great, distinguished, Moses Ex 11:3, David 2 S 5:10, Job Jb 1:3, Mordecai Est 9:4, kings Ec 9:14 Je 27:7; especially of king of Assyrian הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגָּדוֹל 2 K 18:19, 28 = Is 36:4, 13, = Assyrian šarru rabbu, šarru dannu, e.g. KB i. 94, 1. 1; הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל the h. p. Lv 21:10 + 20 times; (הָ)אִישׁ גָּדוֹל 1 S 25:2 2 S 19:33 2 K 5:1; אִשָּׁה גְדוֹלָה 2 K 4:8; †גָּדוֹל a great man 2 S 3:38 Mi 7:3; לֹא תֶהְדַּר פְּנֵי גָדוֹל thou shalt not honour (favour) the person of a great man (opp. דָּל) Lv 19:15 (H); †(הַ)גְּדוֹלִים the great 2 S 7:9 = 1 Ch 17:8 Ne 11:14 (vid. infr.) Pr 18:16; 25:6 Je 5:5 (2 K 10:11 𝔊L ἀγχιστεύοντας, Klo גֹּאֲלָיו); further גְּדֹלֵי הָעִיר 2 K 10:6; (כָּל־)גְּדֹלָיו 2 K 10:11; Jon 3:7; כָּל־גְּדוֹלֶיהָ Na 3:10. e.g. Exodus 11:3
    • c. †of God, himself 2 Ch 2:4 Ne 4:8; 8:6 ψ 86:10; 99:2; 135:5; 147:5 Is 12:6 Je 10:6; (הָ)אֵל (הַ)גָּדוֹל Dt 7:21; 10:17 Ne 1:5; 9:32 ψ 77:14; 95:3 Je 32:18 Dn 9:4; גדול מכל האלהים Ex 18:11; גדול ומהלל מאד 1 Ch 16:25 ψ 48:2; 96:4; 145:3; מלך גדול ψ 47:3; 95:3 Mal 1:14; †his works Dt 11:7 Ju 2:7 ψ 111:2, †glory ψ 21:6; 138:5, †name Jos 7:9 1 S 12:22 1 K 8:42 2 Ch 6:32 ψ 76:2; 99:3 Je 10:6; 44:26 Ez 36:23 Mal 1:11(×2), mercy 1 K 3:6 2 Ch 1:8 ψ 57:11; 86:13; 108:5, goodness Ne 9:25, compassion Is 54:7. e.g. 2 Chronicles 2:4
  • 7. in phrases †עוֹד הַיּוֹם גָּדוֹל it is yet high day (Fr. grand jour, Germ. hoch am Tage, the day is at its height) Gn 29:7; †כַּקָּטֹן כַּגָּדֹל (or reverse) as well small as great Dt 1:17 1 Ch 25:8; 26:13 2 Ch 31:15; †(לְ)מִקָּטֹן וְעַד גָּדוֹל (or reverse) from small to great Gn 19:11 1 S 5:9; 30:2, 19 2 K 23:2; 25:26 2 Ch 15:13; 34:30 Est 1:5, 20 Je 6:13; 8:10; 31:34; 42:1, 8; 44:12 Jon 3:5. e.g. Genesis 29:7
  • 8. cstr. גְּדֹל (הַ)כְּנָפַיִם great of wings Ez 17:3, 7, so of anger Pr 19:19 (Qr); usually of God, in power Na 1:3, counsel, Je 32:19, mercy ψ 145:8. e.g. Ezekiel 17:3
  • 9. as subst. concr. †עשׂה גדלות do great things, of God’s great acts of redemption and judgment Dt 10:21 Jb 5:9; 9:10; 37:5 ψ 71:19; 106:21; of the miracles of Elisha 2 K 8:4; of things too great and so presumptuous, haughty תבקשׁ ג׳ Je 45:5; מדברת ג׳ ψ 12:4; לא הלכתי בג׳ ψ 131:1 (cf. Biblical Aramaic Dn 7:8, 11, 20; also Rev 13:5). e.g. Deuteronomy 10:21
  • 10. †as subst. neut. greatness of arm Ex 15:16; cf. גָּבֹהַּ 4. e.g. Exodus 15:16

גדול II m. father of Zabdiel Ne 11

Senses from the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon (Brown, Driver, Briggs; Oxford 1906 — public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). Full attribution on Sources.


Word origin

I. adj. great—ג׳ Gn 4:13 + 279 times; גָּדֹל Dt 26:8 + 22 times; cstr. גְּדוֹל Ex 15:16 belongs rather sub גֹּ֫דֶל Ez 17:3, 7, גְּדֹל Ex 15:16 Je 32:19, גְּדָל־ Pr 19:19, גְּדָו֯ל־ ψ 145:8 Na 1:3; sf. גְּדוֹלָם Je 6:13 + 2 times; pl. גְּדוֹלִים Ex 7:4 + 11 times, גְּדֹלִים Gn 12:17 + 22 times; cstr. גְּדֹלֵי ψ 79:11 2 K 10:6; sf. גְּדֹלָיו 2 K 10:11 Jon 3:7; גְּדוֹלָיהָ Na 3:10; f. גְּדוֹלָה Nu 22:18 + 96 times; גְּדֹלָה Gn 15:12 + 31 times; pl. גְּדוֹלֹת Ne 9:26; 12:31, גְּדֹלוֹת Dt 27:2 + 30 times, גְּדֹלֹת Nu 13:28 + 7 times;—great,

I. n.pr.m. father of Zabdiel Ne 11:14 (RV & so most; but 𝔊 RVm al. the great).

— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.

Derived from גדל (gâdal) (H1431) — to grow.

TWOT: 315d


Jastrow Dictionary

A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.

גָּדוֹל

  • 1. great, distinguished; (noun) a great man, leader. Sabb. 94ᵇ, a. fr. ג׳ כבוד הבריות וכ׳ human dignity is something great, for it overrules a prohibitive law &c. Ned. 49ᵇ ג׳ מלאכה וכ׳ labor is something great, for it honors him who pursues it.—Sot. I, 9 ג׳ ממנו his superior. Gen. R. s. 100 גְּדוֹל העולמים the Great One of the worlds, the Lord.—Snh. 21ᵇ גְּ׳ העולם a world-renowned man (Solomon). M. Kat. 22ᵃ גְּ׳ הדור a prominent man of his days. Y. ib. III, 82ᶜ top גְּ׳ המשפחה the chief of the family; a. v. fr.
  • 2. adult, of age, older. Yeb. II, 8 בג׳ on the eldest brother. Ib. XIII, 11 ג׳ וקטנה if one of the brother’s widows is of age, and the other a minor; a. fr.—כהן גדול (abbr. כ"ג) Highpriest. Ib. IX, 1; a. fr.—Pl. גְּדוֹלִים, גְּדוֹלִין; גְּדוֹלוֹת. Koh. R. to VII, 8 גְּדוֹלֵי הדור scholars, v. supra; ג׳ ירושלים prominent citizens of Jerusalem.—Ab. Zar. 18ᵃ ג׳ רומי Roman dignitaries; a. fr.—Ber. 23ᵇ, a. e. גדולים (sub. נקבים) the larger functions of the body, movement of the bowels; v. דַּק.

גִּדּוּל

  • , v. גִּידּוּל

A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.


Forms in the corpus

The 185 distinct written forms H1419 takes in the Hebrew Bible, most frequent first — each parse links to that state’s occurrences in the concordance. Hebrew forms include their vowel points and cantillation, so a single lemma takes many written forms.

Form Parsing Example Uses
גָּד֖וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:13 27
גָּד֑וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 29:28 23
גָּד֔וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:28 22
הַ/גָּד֔וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 21:14 21
הַ/גָּד֖וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Amos 6:11 20
גָּד֥וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:25 15
גָּדֽוֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Exodus 32:10 14
גְדוֹלָֽה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Chronicles 11:14 12
גָּדוֹל֙ Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:2 12
הַ/גָּדוֹל֙ Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 9:4 12
גְדוֹלָ֑ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Chronicles 29:22 10
גְדוֹלָ֖ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 4:17 9
גְדוֹלָ֔ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Ezra 3:13 8
גָּד֣וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Haggai 2:9 8
הַ/גְּדוֹלָה֙ Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 8:21 7
הַ/גָּד֜וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Haggai 1:12 7
הַ/גָּדֽוֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 48:28 7
הַ/גָּד֑וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 34:12 6
גְדֹלָ֖ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Esther 4:1 5
גָדֽוֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 22:15 5
גְּדוֹלָ֣ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 4:10 5
גָּד֗וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 11:13 5
גָּד֜וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 17:17 5
הַ/גְּדוֹלָ֑ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Kings 3:4 5
הַ/גָּד֗וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 12:1 5
הַ/גָּדֹ֖ל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 1:7 5
גְדֹלָ֑ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 9:12 4
גְדֹלָ֔ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:44 4
גְדוֹלָה֙ Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 19:5 4
גָד֥וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Exodus 18:11 4
גְּדֹל֔וֹת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute Deuteronomy 27:2 4
גְּדֹל֖וֹת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute Ezekiel 8:13 4
גְּדֹלִֽים Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Plural, Absolute Ecclesiastes 9:14 4
גְּדֹלֽוֹת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute Ezekiel 8:6 4
גְּדוֹלָ֥ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 2:17 4
גְּדוֹלָה֙ Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 17:9 4
הַ/גְּדוֹלָ֖ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Samuel 6:9 4
הַ/גָּד֛וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Ezekiel 47:15 4
הַ/גָּדֹ֔ל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 9:29 4
גְדוֹלָ֗ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 2 Kings 6:23 3
גָד֔וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 10:1 3
גָד֣וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Psalms 86:10 3
גְּדֹלִ֑ים Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Plural, Absolute Deuteronomy 4:34 3
גְּדֹלִ֖ים Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Plural, Absolute Genesis 12:17 3
גְּדֹלִ֥ים Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Plural, Absolute Deuteronomy 9:1 3
גְּדֹלֹ֥ת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute Deuteronomy 1:28 3
גָּד֤וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 1:28 3
גָּדוֹל֒ Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 11:25 3
הַ/גְּדֹלָה֙ Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 10:8 3
הַ/גְּדוֹלָ֔ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 8:8 3
הַ/גְּדוֹלָ֜ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute 1 Kings 7:12 3
הַ/גָּדֹ֑ל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Deuteronomy 11:7 3
הַ/גָּדֹל֙ Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Exodus 18:22 3
גְ֭דֹלוֹת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute Job 5:9 2
גְדֹלָה֙ Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Daniel 10:7 2
גְדוֹלָ֤ה Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute Ezra 3:11 2
גָד֑וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Judges 16:6 2
גָד֖וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Hosea 1:11 2
גָד֤וֹל Adjective, Adjective, Masculine, Singular, Absolute Jeremiah 36:7 2
גְּדֹל֑וֹת Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Plural, Absolute 1 Kings 7:10 2

The 60 most common forms are shown; 125 rarer forms follow in the full concordance.


Same root — word family

Other BDB entries built from the same root as H1419, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.

Derives from

Shares the same root

Derived from this word

Proper names from this root

People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.

Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 11 — not the complete family. 4 of the same-root words are proper names (people or places). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.


Septuagint verse parallels

This word appears in 454 verses that also exist in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 499 Hebrew verses it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.

Read these verses in the Septuagint

This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.

Reading settings

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