Deuteronomy 7:19

Hebrew (Westminster Leningrad Codex)

English Translation

the great trials which your eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the outstretched arm, by which Yahweh your God brought you out: so shall Yahweh your God do to all the peoples of whom you are afraid.

World English Bible · Public Domain

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הַמַּסֹּ֨ת

maççâh

H4531

“the · trials”

Particle, Definite Article + Noun, Common, Feminine, Plural, Absolute

Appears 5× in the Hebrew Bible
First appears at Deuteronomy 4:34

Full BDB Definition

Origin: from H5254

TWOT: 1223b

despair, test - despair - testing, proving, trial

About this verse

These counts appear in no published source. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged text and Lemma’s own curated glosses. What Lemma adds →

25: words
21: distinct lemmas
Pentateuch: section

Notable vocabulary

The rarest word here is הַמַּסֹּ֨ת trial H4531 — appearing just 5 times in the whole Hebrew Bible.

Shared distinctive vocabulary

הַמַּסֹּ֨ת trial H4531 occurs in 5 verses of the Hebrew Bible. Also found in:

Grammatical profile

4 verbs
13 nouns
3 adjectives
1 pronoun
4 particles

Verb forms

רָא֣וּ Qal · Perfect
הַנְּטוּיָ֔ה Qal · Participle Passive
הוֹצִֽאֲךָ֖ Hiphil · Perfect
יַעֲשֶׂ֞ה Qal · Imperfect

Repetition

Words recur within this verse — often emphatic in Hebrew:

יְהוָ֣ה LORD H3068 ×2
אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ God H430 ×2
אֲשֶׁר which H834 ×3

Hebrew & Septuagint length

In English translation the verse runs 44 words from the Hebrew and 45 from the Septuagint (LXX English) — closely comparable.

A rough comparison of the two English renderings, which tokenize alike — not a word-level alignment.

Word counts can differ between the Hebrew and the Greek without any difference in meaning — e.g. the Hebrew direct-object marker אֵת has no separate Greek word, and Greek often adds the article ὁ.

In the original languages it is 25 Hebrew tokens and 48 Greek tokens — but the two are counted differently (Hebrew bundles its prefixes and suffixes into one token; the Greek is in lemma form), so that isn’t a like-for-like length.

Cross-references

Topical passages linked to Deuteronomy 7:19 in the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — connected by theme and wording, ordered by reader-vote popularity; previews shown in the World English Bible.

Deuteronomy 4:34 Or has God tried to go and take him a nation from the midst of [another] nation, by trials, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by an outstretched arm, and by great terrors, according to all that Yahweh your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?
Nehemiah 9:10–11 and shown signs and wonders on Pharaoh, and on all his servants, and on all the people of his land; for you knew that they dealt proudly against them, and did get you a name, as it is this day.
Joshua 3:10 Joshua said, Hereby you shall know that the living God is among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Hivite, and the Perizzite, and the Girgashite, and the Amorite, and the Jebusite.
Jeremiah 32:20–21 who performed signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, even to this day, both in Israel and among [other] men; and made you a name, as in this day;
Deuteronomy 11:2–4 Know you this day: for I don't speak with your children who have not known, and who have not seen the chastisement of Yahweh your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his outstretched arm,
Deuteronomy 29:3 the great trials which your eyes saw, the signs, and those great wonders:
Ezekiel 20:6–9 in that day I swore to them, to bring them forth out of the land of Egypt into a land that I had searched out for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands.

Cross-references courtesy of OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0).

Hebrew and Greek witnesses Masoretic Hebrew ↔ Greek Septuagint

The same verse in the two great witnesses to the Old Testament, shown verse-for-verse.

These are two independent witnesses, not word-aligned to each other, and the Septuagint is shown in lemma (dictionary) form.

Hebrew Deuteronomy 7:19 Masoretic · Westminster Leningrad Codex

הַמַּסֹּ֨ת הַגְּדֹלֹ֜ת אֲשֶׁר רָא֣וּ עֵינֶ֗יךָ וְהָאֹתֹ֤ת וְהַמֹּֽפְתִים֙ וְהַיָּ֤ד הַחֲזָקָה֙ וְהַזְּרֹ֣עַ הַנְּטוּיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹצִֽאֲךָ֖ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ כֵּֽן יַעֲשֶׂ֞ה יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ לְכָל הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה יָרֵ֖א מִפְּנֵיהֶֽם

the great trials which your eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the outstretched arm, by which Yahweh your God brought you out: so shall Yahweh your God do to all the peoples of whom you are afraid.

World English Bible · Public Domain

Greek LXX Deuteronomy 7:19 Septuagint · lemma form

ὁ πειρασμός ὁ μέγας ὅς ὁράω ὁ ὀφθαλμός σύ ὁ σημεῖον καί ὁ τέρας ὁ μέγας ἐκεῖνος ὁ χείρ ὁ κραταιός καί ὁ βραχίων ὁ ὑψηλός ὡς ἐκἄγω σύ κύριος ὁ θεός σύ οὕτως ποιέω κύριος ὁ θεός ἐγώ πᾶς ὁ ἔθνος ὅς σύ φοβέω ἀπό πρόσωπον αὐτός

the great temptations which your eyes have seen, those signs and great wonders, the strong hand, and the high arm; how the Lord your God brought you forth: so the Lord your God will do to all the nations, whom you fear in their presence.

LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) · Public Domain

Hebrew: Westminster Leningrad Codex (CC BY 4.0). Greek: Septuagint (public domain); English from LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) (Public Domain). How the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew →

Targum (Aramaic paraphrase)

The Targum is the ancient Jewish Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Scriptures — an interpretive translation, not the Hebrew text itself. Onkelos (literal) and Pseudo-Jonathan (expansive) render the Torah, and Jonathan the Prophets. Coverage is partial: where no permissively-licensed English translation exists for a verse, only the Aramaic is shown. This is verse-level text, not a word-by-word alignment to the Hebrew.

Targum Onkelos Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)

נִסִין רַבְרְבִין דִי חֲזָאָה עֵינָךְ וְאָתַיָא וּמוֹפְתַיָא וִידָא תַקֶפְתָּא וּדְרָעָא מְרָמְמָא דִי אַפְּקָךְ יְיָ אֱלָהָךְ כֵּן יַעְבֵּד יְיָ אֱלָהָךְ לְכָל עַמְמַיָא דִי אַתְּ דָחֵל מִקֳדָמֵיהוֹן

(no public-domain English translation for this verse)

Targum Onkelos — Aramaic: “Onkelos Genesis” (public domain); “Onkelos Exodus” (public domain); “Onkelos Leviticus” (public domain); “Onkelos Numbers” (public domain); “Onkelos Deuteronomy” (public domain). English: “Sefaria Community Translation” (CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication)); “J.W. Etheridge. The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch. London: Longmans, Green, 1862” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)

נִיסִין רַבְרְבִין דַּחֲמֵיתוּן בְּעֵינֵיכוֹן אָתַיָא וְתִמְהַיָא וּגְבוּרַת יְדָא תַקִיפְתָּא וְנִצְחָנוּת אֶדְרַע מְרַמְמָא כַּדְאַפְקְכוֹן יְיָ אֱלָהָכוֹן פְּרִיקִין הֵיכְדֵין יַעֲבֵד יְיָ אֱלָהָכוֹן לְכָל עַמְמַיָא דְאַנְתְּ דָּחִיל מִן קֳדָמֵיהוֹן

the great miracles which thou didst see with thine eyes, the signs and wonders, the strength of the mighty hand, and the victory of the uplifted arm, when the Lord your God led you out free: so will the Lord your God do unto all the peoples before whom thou art afraid.

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan — Aramaic: “Targum Jonathan on Genesis” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Exodus” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Leviticus” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Numbers” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Deuteronomy” (public domain). English: “The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.

Commentary

Notes on Deuteronomy 7:19 from classic Christian and Jewish commentators (each source and its license shown beneath its notes). The classic Christian expositions comment on the surrounding passage and are grouped to its opening verse, so a note may address several verses; the Jewish commentaries on the Tanakh (Rashi and others) are per-verse, so they appear only where the commentator wrote on this verse.

Lemma curates 59 commentaries, every one of them public domain or Creative Commons licensed, each selected and text-cleaned for this edition rather than reprinted as found. About our sources →

Tyndale Open Study Notes

Tyndale Open Resources

7:19 The familiar word pair signs and wonders signifies the miraculous deeds God performed to induce fear in his enemies and to inspire awe and praise in his people (see 6:22). • strong hand and powerful arm: See study notes on 4:34 and 8:2.

Tyndale Open Study Notes — © Tyndale Open Resources, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

Geneva Bible (1599)

Geneva Bible translators

Or, plagues, or trials, Deut. 29:3; as Exod. 15:25 and Exod. 16:4.

Geneva Bible (1599) marginal notes — public domain. Text via Bolls.life.

Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(19) The great temptations.—The several repetitions of the summons to Pharaoh that he should let Israel go, accompanied and enforced by plagues, may well be called “temptations” in the sense of trials of his character. The word “temptation” in the sense of “inducement to sin” is very rare, if not absolutely wanting, in the Old Testament.

A Bible Commentary for English Readers, edited by Charles John Ellicott (1878–1897) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne

19. temptations … signs … wonders] See on Deu_4:34.

which thine eyes saw] Deu_4:9.

mighty hand, and … stretched out arm] See on Deu_4:34.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Gill's Exposition

The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders,.... The miracles wrought in Egypt; see Deu 4:34.

and the mighty hand, and stretched out arm, whereby the Lord thy God brought thee out; that is, out of Egypt, which was an instance and proof of his almighty power:

so shall the Lord thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid; not perform the same miraculous operations among them, but exert the same power in the destruction of them, and in dispossessing them of their land, as in destroying the Egyptians, and delivering Israel from among them.

John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary

Plagues. Hebrew, "trials." God manifested by this means the latent dispositions of the Egyptians, while he punished their wickedness at the same time. (Haydock)

George Leo Haydock (1774–1849), Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary, 1859 edition — public domain. Excludes Psalms (Douay-Rheims chapter numbering differs from Protestant) and Deuterocanonical books (Catholic canon only).

Matthew Poole's English Annotations

The great temptations; the trials and exercises of thy faith and obedience to my call and commands.

So shall the Lord do; so as he did to Pharaoh and his people, mentioned Deu 7:18.

Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.

The Pulpit Commentary

Temptations, etc. (cf. Deu_4:34 Deu_6:22)

The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Wesley's Explanatory Notes

The temptations - The trials and exercises of thy faith and obedience to my commands.

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.

Rashi

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)

המסות means, THE TRIALS (cf. Rashi on 4:34).

והאתת AND THE SIGNS, for example (Exodus 4:3) “and it became a serpent”, and (Exodus 4:9) “It became blood on the dry land”....

והמפתים AND THE WONDERS, viz., the wondrous plagues.

והיה החזקה AND THE STRONG HAND — this refers to the pestilence (Sifrei Bamidbar 115:1; cf. the Passover Haggadah).

והזרע הנטיה AND THE OUTSTRETCHED ARM, this refers to the sword for the smiting of the firstborn (Exodus 4:23).

Rashi on the Tanakh — English translations: “The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg” (CC BY 4.0); “Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A.M. Silbermann, 1929-1934” (public domain); “The Metsudah Tanach series, Lakewood, N.J” (CC BY 4.0); and “The Book of Joshua, Metsudah Publications, 1997” (CC BY 4.0). Text via Sefaria.

Lesson kit

Teaching starters — assembled from the data on this page, not authored interpretation. Every prompt links to the verse data it draws on. Edit before teaching.

Deuteronomy, in the Pentateuch, opens this verse with 25 words (21 distinct Hebrew lemmas). Its most distinctive word is maççâh (“trial”). A historical commentator’s framing appears above. Read the whole chapter for the surrounding context.

Discussion questions

How does “trial” (maççâh) shape what this verse is saying?
Deuteronomy 4:34 shares the word «trial» with this verse. How do the two illuminate each other?
“LORD” occurs 2× in this one verse. What is the effect of the repetition?
These translations render this verse differently; the difference is in the English rendering, not the original. What questions does that raise?
The verb «רָא֣וּ» is Qal Perfect. How does its form color the action?
Reading how Tyndale Open Study Notes and Geneva Bible (1599) read this verse, where do the two commentators agree and where do they part?

Things to notice

This verse counts 25 Hebrew ↔ 48 Greek words.
These translations choose different wording for 14 words in this verse.
“LORD” occurs 2× in this single verse.
21 distinct Hebrew lemmas span 25 words in this verse.