εἰμί
to be
Full lexicon entry — Thayer's Greek Lexicon
From Thayer's Greek Lexicon
Where this word appears
See every Present-tense verb in the Greek New Testament →
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Verb
- An action or state-of-being word.
Tense
- Present
- Ongoing or general action in present time (imperfective aspect).
- Imperfect
- Continuous or repeated action in past time (“was writing”).
- Future
- Action expected in future time.
Voice
- Active
- The subject performs the action.
- Middle deponent
- Middle in form but active in meaning.
- Middle
- The subject acts on or for itself, or with special interest in the action.
Mood
- Indicative
- States a fact or asks a factual question (the mood of reality).
- Infinitive
- A verbal noun (“to write”), unmarked for person or number.
- Participle
- A verbal adjective (“writing,” “having written”).
- Subjunctive
- Expresses probability, purpose, or possibility (the mood of contingency).
- Imperative
- Expresses a command or request.
- Optative
- Expresses a wish or a remote possibility.
Case
- Nominative
- The case of the subject (and the predicate nominative).
- Genitive
- The case of source, possession, or “of” — answers “whose / from what.”
- Accusative
- The case of the direct object and of extent.
- Dative
- The case of the indirect object, means, or location — “to / for / with / in.”
Person
- 3rd person
- The one spoken about (“he / she / it / they”).
- 1st person
- The speaker (“I / we”).
- 2nd person
- The one addressed (“you”).
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
- Feminine
- Grammatically feminine.
- Neuter
- Grammatically neuter.
Number
- Singular
- One.
- Plural
- More than one.
Grammatical forms 51 distinct
- Verb, Present, Active, Indicative, 3rd person, Singular 895 times (36%)
- Verb, Imperfect, Active, Indicative, 3rd person, Singular 315 times (13%)
- Verb, Present, Active, Indicative, 3rd person, Plural 157 times (6%)
- Verb, Present, Active, Indicative, 1st person, Singular 138 times (6%)
- Verb, Present, Active, Infinitive 123 times (5%)
- Verb, Future, Middle deponent, Indicative, 3rd person, Singular 119 times (5%)
- Verb, Imperfect, Active, Indicative, 3rd person, Plural 96 times (4%)
- Verb, Present, Active, Indicative, 2nd person, Plural 92 times (4%)
+43 more forms (524 occurrences)
Parsed forms decoded from the imported morphology (Robinson–Tischendorf, public domain), counted across 2,459 parsed occurrences — not distinct verses.
Page 9 of 11 — showing verses 1,601–1,800 of 2,096 distinct verses where G1510 appears, across 27 books. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Greek form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Greek New Testament; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences of this word are not indexed here.
2 Corinthians 54 verses
- 2 Corinthians 6:16 ἐσμεν ἔσομαι ἔσονταί pres act ind 1pl fut mid.dep ind 1sg fut mid.dep ind 3pl What agreement has a temple of God with idols? For you are a temple of the living God. Even as God said, "I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they will be my people."
- 2 Corinthians 6:18 ἔσομαι ἔσεσθέ fut mid.dep ind 1sg fut mid.dep ind 2pl I will be to you a Father. You will be to me sons and daughters,' says the Lord Almighty."
- 2 Corinthians 7:3 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl I say this not to condemn you, for I have said before, that you are in our hearts to die together and live together.
- 2 Corinthians 7:11 εἶναι pres act inf For behold, this same thing, that you were made sorry in a godly way, what earnest care it worked in you. Yes, what defense, indignation, fear, longing, zeal, and vengeance! In everything you demonstrated yourselves to be pure in the matter.
- 2 Corinthians 7:15 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg His affection is more abundantly toward you, while he remembers all of your obedience, how with fear and trembling you received him.
- 2 Corinthians 8:9 ὤν pres act ptcp nom sg masc For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that you through his poverty might become rich.
- 2 Corinthians 8:22 ὄντα pres act ptcp acc sg masc We have sent with them our brother, whom we have many times proved earnest in many things, but now much more earnest, by reason of the great confidence which he has in you.
- 2 Corinthians 9:1 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg It is indeed unnecessary for me to write to you concerning the service to the saints,
- 2 Corinthians 9:3 ἦτε pres act subj 2pl But I have sent the brothers that our boasting on your behalf may not be in vain in this respect, that, just as I said, you may be prepared,
- 2 Corinthians 9:5 εἶναι pres act inf I thought it necessary therefore to entreat the brothers that they would go before to you, and arrange ahead of time the generous gift that you promised before, that the same might be ready as a matter of generosity, and not of greediness.
- 2 Corinthians 9:12 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg For this service of giving that you perform not only makes up for lack among the saints, but abounds also through many givings of thanks to God;
- 2 Corinthians 10:7 εἶναι pres act inf Do you look at things only as they appear in front of your face? If anyone trusts in himself that he is Christ's, let him consider this again with himself, that, even as he is Christ's, so also we are Christ's.
- 2 Corinthians 10:11 ἐσμεν pres act ind 1pl Let such a person consider this, that what we are in word by letters when we are absent, such are we also in deed when we are present.
- 2 Corinthians 10:18 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For it isn't he who commends himself who is approved, but whom the Lord commends.
- 2 Corinthians 11:10 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg As the truth of Christ is in me, no one will stop me from this boasting in the regions of Achaia.
- 2 Corinthians 11:15 ἔσται fut mid.dep ind 3sg It is no great thing therefore if his ministers also masquerade as servants of righteousness, whose end will be according to their works.
- 2 Corinthians 11:16 εἶναι pres act inf I say again, let no one think me foolish. But if so, yet receive me as foolish, that I also may boast a little.
- 2 Corinthians 11:19 ὄντες pres act ptcp nom pl masc For you bear with the foolish gladly, being wise.
- 2 Corinthians 11:22 εἰσιν εἰσιν εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl pres act ind 3pl pres act ind 3pl Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? So am I.
- 2 Corinthians 11:23 εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as one beside himself) I am more so; in labors more abundantly, in prisons more abundantly, in stripes above measure, in deaths often.
- 2 Corinthians 11:31 ὢν pres act ptcp nom sg masc The God and Father of the Lord Jesus Christ, he who is blessed forevermore, knows that I don't lie.
- 2 Corinthians 12:6 ἔσομαι fut mid.dep ind 1sg For if I would desire to boast, I will not be foolish; for I will speak the truth. But I forbear, so that no man may account of me above that which he sees in me, or hears from me.
- 2 Corinthians 12:10 εἰμι pres act ind 1sg Therefore I take pleasure in weaknesses, in injuries, in necessities, in persecutions, in distresses, for Christ's sake. For when I am weak, then am I strong.
- 2 Corinthians 12:11 εἰμι pres act ind 1sg I have become foolish in boasting. You compelled me, for I ought to have been commended by you, for in nothing was I inferior to the very best apostles, though I am nothing.
- 2 Corinthians 12:13 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For what is there in which you were made inferior to the rest of the assemblies, unless it is that I myself was not a burden to you? Forgive me this wrong.
- 2 Corinthians 12:16 Ἔστω pres act impv 3sg But be it so, I did not myself burden you. But, being crafty, I caught you with deception.
- 2 Corinthians 13:5 ἐστὲ ἐστε pres act ind 2pl pres act ind 2pl Test your own selves, whether you are in the faith. Test your own selves. Or don't you know as to your own selves, that Jesus Christ is in you?--unless indeed you are disqualified.
- 2 Corinthians 13:6 ἐσμὲν pres act ind 1pl But I hope that you will know that we aren't disqualified.
- 2 Corinthians 13:7 ὦμεν pres act subj 1pl Now I pray to God that you do no evil; not that we may appear approved, but that you may do that which is honorable, though we are as reprobate.
- 2 Corinthians 13:9 ἦτε pres act subj 2pl For we rejoice when we are weak and you are strong. And this we also pray for, even your perfecting.
- 2 Corinthians 13:11 ἔσται fut mid.dep ind 3sg Finally, brothers, rejoice. Be perfected, be comforted, be of the same mind, live in peace, and the God of love and peace will be with you.
Galatians 42 verses
- Galatians 1:7 ἔστιν εἰσιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3pl and there isn't another gospel. Only there are some who trouble you, and want to pervert the Gospel of Christ.
- Galatians 1:8 ἔστω pres act impv 3sg But even though we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you any gospel other than that which we preached to you, let him be cursed.
- Galatians 1:9 ἔστω pres act impv 3sg As we have said before, so I now say again: if any man preaches to you any gospel other than that which you received, let him be cursed.
- Galatians 1:10 ἤμην impf mid ind 1sg For am I now seeking the favor of men, or of God? Or am I striving to please men? For if I were still pleasing men, I wouldn't be a servant of Christ.
- Galatians 1:11 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg But I make known to you, brothers, concerning the Gospel which was preached by me, that it is not according to man.
- Galatians 1:22 ἤμην impf mid ind 1sg I was still unknown by face to the assemblies of Judea which were in Christ,
- Galatians 1:23 ἦσαν impf act ind 3pl but they only heard: "He who once persecuted us now preaches the faith that he once tried to destroy."
- Galatians 2:3 ὤν pres act ptcp nom sg masc But not even Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised.
- Galatians 2:6 εἶναί ἦσαν pres act inf impf act ind 3pl But from those who were reputed to be important (whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God doesn't show partiality to man)--they, I say, who were respected imparted nothing to me,
- Galatians 2:9 εἶναι pres act inf and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, they who were reputed to be pillars, gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision.
- Galatians 2:11 ἦν impf act ind 3sg But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to the face, because he stood condemned.
- Galatians 3:3 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl Are you so foolish? Having begun in the Spirit, are you now completed in the flesh?
- Galatians 3:7 εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl Know therefore that those who are of faith, the same are children of Abraham.
- Galatians 3:10 εἰσὶν εἰσίν pres act ind 3pl pres act ind 3pl For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who doesn't continue in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them."
- Galatians 3:12 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg The law is not of faith, but, "The man who does them will live by them."
- Galatians 3:16 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. He doesn't say, "To seeds," as of many, but as of one, "To your seed," which is Christ.
- Galatians 3:20 ἔστιν ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg Now a mediator is not between one, but God is one.
- Galatians 3:21 ἦν impf act ind 3sg Is the law then against the promises of God? Certainly not! For if there had been a law given which could make alive, most assuredly righteousness would have been of the law.
- Galatians 3:25 ἐσμεν pres act ind 1pl But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor.
- Galatians 3:26 ἐστὲ pres act ind 2pl For you are all children of God, through faith in Christ Jesus.
- Galatians 3:28 ἐστὲ pres act ind 2pl There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
- Galatians 3:29 ἐστέ pres act ind 2pl If you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's seed and heirs according to promise.
- Galatians 4:1 ἐστιν ὤν pres act ind 3sg pres act ptcp nom sg masc But I say that so long as the heir is a child, he is no different from a bondservant, though he is lord of all;
- Galatians 4:2 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg but is under guardians and stewards until the day appointed by the father.
- Galatians 4:3 ἦμεν ἤμεθα impf act ind 1pl impf mid ind 1pl So we also, when we were children, were held in bondage under the elements of the world.
- Galatians 4:6 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl And because you are children, God sent out the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, "Abba, Father!"
- Galatians 4:7 εἶ pres act ind 2sg So you are no longer a bondservant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
- Galatians 4:8 οὖσιν pres act ptcp dat pl masc However at that time, not knowing God, you were in bondage to those who by nature are not gods.
- Galatians 4:21 εἶναι pres act inf Tell me, you that desire to be under the law, don't you listen to the law?
- Galatians 4:24 ἐστιν εἰσιν ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3pl pres act ind 3sg These things contain an allegory, for these are two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children to bondage, which is Hagar.
- Galatians 4:25 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg For this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia, and answers to the Jerusalem that exists now, for she is in bondage with her children.
- Galatians 4:26 ἐστίν ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg But the Jerusalem that is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
- Galatians 4:28 ἐστέ pres act ind 2pl Now we, brothers, as Isaac was, are children of promise.
- Galatians 4:31 ἐσμὲν pres act ind 1pl So then, brothers, we are not children of a handmaid, but of the free woman.
- Galatians 5:3 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg Yes, I testify again to every man who receives circumcision, that he is a debtor to do the whole law.
- Galatians 5:10 ᾖ pres act subj 3sg I have confidence toward you in the Lord that you will think no other way. But he who troubles you will bear his judgment, whoever he is.
- Galatians 5:18 ἐστὲ pres act ind 2pl But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.
- Galatians 5:19 ἐστιν ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg Now the works of the flesh are obvious, which are: adultery, sexual immorality, uncleanness, lustfulness,
- Galatians 5:22 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,
- Galatians 5:23 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law.
- Galatians 6:3 εἶναί ὤν pres act inf pres act ptcp nom sg masc For if a man thinks himself to be something when he is nothing, he deceives himself.
- Galatians 6:15 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For in Christ Jesus neither is circumcision anything, nor uncircumcision, but a new creation.
Ephesians 44 verses
- Ephesians 1:1 οὖσιν pres act ptcp dat pl masc Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus through the will of God, to the saints who are at Ephesus, and the faithful in Christ Jesus:
- Ephesians 1:4 εἶναι pres act inf even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and without blemish before him in love;
- Ephesians 1:12 εἶναι pres act inf to the end that we should be to the praise of his glory, we who had before hoped in Christ:
- Ephesians 1:14 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg who is a pledge of our inheritance, to the redemption of God's own possession, to the praise of his glory.
- Ephesians 1:18 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg having the eyes of your hearts enlightened, that you may know what is the hope of his calling, and what are the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints,
- Ephesians 1:23 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all.
- Ephesians 2:1 ὄντας pres act ptcp acc pl masc You were made alive when you were dead in transgressions and sins,
- Ephesians 2:3 ἤμεθα impf mid ind 1pl among whom we also all once lived in the lust of our flesh, doing the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, even as the rest.
- Ephesians 2:4 ὢν pres act ptcp nom sg masc But God, being rich in mercy, for his great love with which he loved us,
- Ephesians 2:5 ὄντας ἐστε pres act ptcp acc pl masc pres act ind 2pl even when we were dead through our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ (by grace you have been saved),
- Ephesians 2:8 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl for by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God,
- Ephesians 2:10 ἐσμεν pres act ind 1pl For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared before that we would walk in them.
- Ephesians 2:12 ἦτε impf act ind 2pl that you were at that time separate from Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of the promise, having no hope and without God in the world.
- Ephesians 2:13 ὄντες pres act ptcp nom pl masc But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off are made near in the blood of Christ.
- Ephesians 2:14 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For he is our peace, who made both one, and broke down the middle wall of partition,
- Ephesians 2:19 ἐστὲ ἐστὲ pres act ind 2pl pres act ind 2pl So then you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but you are fellow citizens with the saints, and of the household of God,
- Ephesians 2:20 ὄντος pres act ptcp gen sg masc being built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the chief cornerstone;
- Ephesians 3:6 εἶναι pres act inf that the Gentiles are fellow heirs, and fellow members of the body, and fellow partakers of his promise in Christ Jesus through the Gospel,
- Ephesians 3:13 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg Therefore I ask that you may not lose heart at my troubles for you, which are your glory.
- Ephesians 4:9 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Now this, "He ascended," what is it but that he also first descended into the lower parts of the earth?
- Ephesians 4:10 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg He who descended is the one who also ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things.
- Ephesians 4:14 ὦμεν pres act subj 1pl that we may no longer be children, tossed back and forth and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the trickery of men, in craftiness, after the wiles of error;
- Ephesians 4:15 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg but speaking truth in love, we may grow up in all things into him, who is the head, Christ;
- Ephesians 4:18 ὄντες οὖσαν pres act ptcp nom pl masc pres act ptcp acc sg fem being darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardening of their hearts;
- Ephesians 4:21 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg if indeed you heard him, and were taught in him, even as truth is in Jesus:
- Ephesians 4:25 ἐσμὲν pres act ind 1pl Therefore, putting away falsehood, speak truth each one with his neighbor. For we are members one of another.
- Ephesians 5:5 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Know this for sure, that no sexually immoral person, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, has any inheritance in the Kingdom of Christ and God.
- Ephesians 5:8 ἦτε impf act ind 2pl For you were once darkness, but are now light in the Lord. Walk as children of light,
- Ephesians 5:10 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg proving what is well-pleasing to the Lord.
- Ephesians 5:12 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For the things which are done by them in secret, it is a shame even to speak of.
- Ephesians 5:13 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg But all things, when they are reproved, are revealed by the light, for everything that is revealed is light.
- Ephesians 5:16 εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl redeeming the time, because the days are evil.
- Ephesians 5:18 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Don't be drunken with wine, in which is dissipation, but be filled with the Spirit,
- Ephesians 5:23 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For the husband is the head of the wife, and Christ also is the head of the assembly, being himself the savior of the body.
- Ephesians 5:27 ᾖ pres act subj 3sg that he might present the assembly to himself gloriously, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish.
- Ephesians 5:30 ἐσμὲν pres act ind 1pl because we are members of his body, of his flesh and bones.
- Ephesians 5:31 ἔσονται fut mid.dep ind 3pl "For this cause a man will leave his father and mother, and will be joined to his wife. The two will become one flesh."
- Ephesians 5:32 ἐστίν pres act ind 3sg This mystery is great, but I speak concerning Christ and of the assembly.
- Ephesians 6:1 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right.
- Ephesians 6:2 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg "Honor your father and mother," which is the first commandment with a promise:
- Ephesians 6:3 ἔσῃ fut mid.dep ind 2sg "that it may be well with you, and you may live long on the earth."
- Ephesians 6:9 ἐστιν ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg You masters, do the same things to them, and give up threatening, knowing that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no partiality with him.
- Ephesians 6:12 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world's rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.
- Ephesians 6:17 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God;
Philippians 15 verses
- Philippians 1:1 οὖσιν pres act ptcp dat pl masc Paul and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ; To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers and deacons:
- Philippians 1:7 ἐστιν ὄντας pres act ind 3sg pres act ptcp acc pl masc It is even right for me to think this way on behalf of all of you, because I have you in my heart, because, both in my bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the Gospel, you all are partakers with me of grace.
- Philippians 1:10 ἦτε pres act subj 2pl so that you may approve the things that are excellent; that you may be sincere and without offense to the day of Christ;
- Philippians 1:23 εἶναι pres act inf But I am in a dilemma between the two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ, which is far better.
- Philippians 1:28 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg and in nothing frightened by the adversaries, which is for them a proof of destruction, but to you of salvation, and that from God.
- Philippians 2:6 εἶναι pres act inf who, existing in the form of God, didn't consider it robbery to be equal with God,
- Philippians 2:13 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For it is God who works in you both to will and to work, for his good pleasure.
- Philippians 2:26 ἦν impf act ind 3sg since he longed for you all, and was very troubled, because you had heard that he was sick.
- Philippians 2:28 ὦ pres act subj 1sg I have sent him therefore the more diligently, that, when you see him again, you may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful.
- Philippians 3:3 ἐσμεν pres act ind 1pl For we are the circumcision, who worship God in the Spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh;
- Philippians 3:7 ἦν impf act ind 3sg However, what things were gain to me, these have I counted loss for Christ.
- Philippians 3:8 εἶναι pres act inf Yes most assuredly, and I count all things to be loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus, my Lord, for whom I suffered the loss of all things, and count them nothing but refuse, that I may gain Christ
- Philippians 4:8 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg Finally, brothers, whatever things are true, whatever things are honorable, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report; if there is any virtue, and if there is any praise, think about these things.
- Philippians 4:9 ἔσται fut mid.dep ind 3sg The things which you learned, received, heard, and saw in me: do these things, and the God of peace will be with you.
- Philippians 4:11 εἰμι εἶναι pres act ind 1sg pres act inf Not that I speak in respect to lack, for I have learned in whatever state I am, to be content in it.
Colossians 24 verses
- Colossians 1:6 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg which has come to you; even as it is in all the world and is bearing fruit and growing, as it does in you also, since the day you heard and knew the grace of God in truth;
- Colossians 1:7 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg even as you learned of Epaphras our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful minister of Christ on our behalf,
- Colossians 1:15 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.
- Colossians 1:17 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg He is before all things, and in him all things are held together.
- Colossians 1:18 ἐστιν ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg He is the head of the body, the assembly, who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.
- Colossians 1:21 ὄντας pres act ptcp acc pl masc You, being in past times alienated and enemies in your mind in your evil works,
- Colossians 1:24 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and fill up on my part that which is lacking of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is the assembly;
- Colossians 1:27 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg to whom God was pleased to make known what are the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory;
- Colossians 2:3 εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl in whom are all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge hidden.
- Colossians 2:5 εἰμι pres act ind 1sg For though I am absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, rejoicing and seeing your order, and the steadfastness of your faith in Christ.
- Colossians 2:8 ἔσται fut mid.dep ind 3sg Be careful that you don't let anyone rob you through his philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the elements of the world, and not after Christ.
- Colossians 2:10 ἐστὲ ἐστιν pres act ind 2pl pres act ind 3sg and in him you are made full, who is the head of all principality and power;
- Colossians 2:13 ὄντας pres act ptcp acc pl masc You were dead through your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh. He made you alive together with him, having forgiven us all our trespasses,
- Colossians 2:14 ἦν impf act ind 3sg wiping out the handwriting in ordinances which was against us; and he has taken it out of the way, nailing it to the cross;
- Colossians 2:17 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg which are a shadow of the things to come; but the body is Christ's.
- Colossians 2:22 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg (all of which perish with use), according to the precepts and doctrines of men?
- Colossians 2:23 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Which things indeed appear like wisdom in self-imposed worship, and humility, and severity to the body; but aren't of any value against the indulgence of the flesh.
- Colossians 3:1 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg If then you were raised together with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated on the right hand of God.
- Colossians 3:5 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg Put to death therefore your members which are on the earth: sexual immorality, uncleanness, depraved passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry;
- Colossians 3:14 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Above all these things, walk in love, which is the bond of perfection.
- Colossians 3:20 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg Children, obey your parents in all things, for this pleases the Lord.
- Colossians 3:25 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg But he who does wrong will receive again for the wrong that he has done, and there is no partiality.
- Colossians 4:9 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg together with Onesimus, the faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They will make known to you everything that is going on here.
- Colossians 4:11 ὄντες pres act ptcp nom pl masc and Jesus who is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These are my only fellow workers for the Kingdom of God, men who have been a comfort to me.
1 Thessalonians 11 verses
- 1 Thessalonians 2:6 εἶναι pres act inf nor seeking glory from men (neither from you nor from others), when we might have claimed authority as apostles of Christ.
- 1 Thessalonians 2:13 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For this cause we also thank God without ceasing, that, when you received from us the word of the message of God, you accepted it not as the word of men, but, as it is in truth, the word of God, which also works in you who believe.
- 1 Thessalonians 2:14 οὐσῶν pres act ptcp gen pl fem For you, brothers, became imitators of the assemblies of God which are in Judea in Christ Jesus; for you also suffered the same things from your own countrymen, even as they did from the Jews;
- 1 Thessalonians 2:20 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl For you are our glory and our joy.
- 1 Thessalonians 3:4 ἦμεν impf act ind 1pl For most assuredly, when we were with you, we told you beforehand that we are to suffer affliction, even as it happened, and you know.
- 1 Thessalonians 4:3 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For this is the will of God: your sanctification, that you abstain from sexual immorality,
- 1 Thessalonians 4:9 ἐστε pres act ind 2pl But concerning brotherly love, you have no need that one write to you. For you yourselves are taught by God to love one another,
- 1 Thessalonians 4:17 ἐσόμεθα fut mid.dep ind 1pl then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air. So we will be with the Lord forever.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:4 ἐστὲ pres act ind 2pl But you, brothers, aren't in darkness, that the day should overtake you like a thief.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:5 ἐστε ἐσμὲν pres act ind 2pl pres act ind 1pl You are all children of light, and children of the day. We don't belong to the night, nor to darkness,
- 1 Thessalonians 5:8 ὄντες pres act ptcp nom pl masc But let us, since we belong to the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and, for a helmet, the hope of salvation.
2 Thessalonians 7 verses
- 2 Thessalonians 1:3 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg We are bound to always give thanks to God for you, brothers, even as it is appropriate, because your faith grows exceedingly, and the love of each and every one of you towards one another abounds;
- 2 Thessalonians 2:4 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg he who opposes and exalts himself against all that is called God or that is worshiped; so that he sits as God in the temple of God, setting himself up as God.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:5 ὢν pres act ptcp nom sg masc Don't you remember that, when I was still with you, I told you these things?
- 2 Thessalonians 2:9 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg even he whose coming is according to the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders,
- 2 Thessalonians 3:3 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg But the Lord is faithful, who will establish you, and guard you from the evil one.
- 2 Thessalonians 3:10 ἦμεν impf act ind 1pl For even when we were with you, we commanded you this: "If anyone will not work, neither let him eat."
- 2 Thessalonians 3:17 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg The greeting of me, Paul, with my own hand, which is the sign in every letter: this is how I write.
1 Timothy 26 verses
- 1 Timothy 1:5 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg but the end of the charge is love, out of a pure heart and a good conscience and unfeigned faith;
- 1 Timothy 1:7 εἶναι pres act inf desiring to be teachers of the law, though they understand neither what they say, nor about what they strongly affirm.
- 1 Timothy 1:13 ὄντα pres act ptcp acc sg masc although I was before a blasphemer, a persecutor, and insolent. However, I obtained mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief.
- 1 Timothy 1:15 εἰμι pres act ind 1sg The saying is faithful and worthy of all acceptance, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief.
- 1 Timothy 1:20 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I delivered to Satan, that they might be taught not to blaspheme.
- 1 Timothy 2:2 ὄντων pres act ptcp gen pl masc for kings and all who are in high places; that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and reverence.
- 1 Timothy 2:12 εἶναι pres act inf But I don't permit a woman to teach, nor to exercise authority over a man, but to be in quietness.
- 1 Timothy 3:2 εἶναι pres act inf The overseer therefore must be without reproach, the husband of one wife, temperate, sensible, modest, hospitable, good at teaching;
- 1 Timothy 3:10 ὄντες pres act ptcp nom pl masc Let them also first be tested; then let them serve as deacons, if they are blameless.
- 1 Timothy 3:12 ἔστωσαν pres act impv 3pl Let deacons be husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well.
- 1 Timothy 3:15 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg but if I wait long, that you may know how men ought to behave themselves in the house of God, which is the assembly of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth.
- 1 Timothy 3:16 ἐστὶν pres act ind 3sg Without controversy, the mystery of godliness is great: God was revealed in the flesh, Justified in the spirit, Seen by angels, Preached among the nations, Believed on in the world, And received up in glory.
- 1 Timothy 4:6 ἔσῃ fut mid.dep ind 2sg If you instruct the brothers of these things, you will be a good servant of Christ Jesus, nourished in the words of the faith, and of the good doctrine which you have followed.
- 1 Timothy 4:8 ἐστὶν ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg pres act ind 3sg For bodily exercise has some value, but godliness has value for all things, having the promise of the life which is now, and of that which is to come.
- 1 Timothy 4:10 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For to this end we both labor and suffer reproach, because we have set our trust in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of those who believe.
- 1 Timothy 4:15 ἴσθι ᾖ pres act impv 2sg pres act subj 3sg Be diligent in these things. Give yourself wholly to them, that your progress may be revealed to all.
- 1 Timothy 5:4 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg But if any widow has children or grandchildren, let them learn first to show piety towards their own family, and to repay their parents, for this is acceptable in the sight of God.
- 1 Timothy 5:7 ὦσιν pres act subj 3pl Also command these things, that they may be without reproach.
- 1 Timothy 5:8 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg But if anyone doesn't provide for his own, and especially his own household, he has denied the faith, and is worse than an unbeliever.
- 1 Timothy 5:24 εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl Some men's sins are evident, preceding them to judgment, and some also follow later.
- 1 Timothy 6:1 εἰσὶν pres act ind 3pl Let as many as are bondservants under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and the doctrine not be blasphemed.
- 1 Timothy 6:2 εἰσιν εἰσιν pres act ind 3pl pres act ind 3pl Those who have believing masters, let them not despise them, because they are brothers, but rather let them serve them, because those who partake of the benefit are believing and beloved. Teach and exhort these things.
- 1 Timothy 6:5 εἶναι pres act inf constant friction of people of corrupt minds and destitute of the truth, who suppose that godliness is a means of gain. Withdraw yourself from such.
- 1 Timothy 6:6 ἔστιν pres act ind 3sg But godliness with contentment is great gain.
- 1 Timothy 6:10 ἐστιν pres act ind 3sg For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some have been led astray from the faith in their greed, and have pierced themselves through with many sorrows.
- 1 Timothy 6:18 εἶναι pres act inf that they do good, that they be rich in good works, that they be ready to distribute, willing to communicate;
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
“to be” is the headline sense of the Greek verb ειμι (eimí). Translators differ — “am” in the King James Version, then “is” (Berean Standard Bible), as the renderings breakdown shows. With 2,096 verses in 27 books, it is one of the most common word in the Greek New Testament. First canonically at Matthew 1:18, it enters the text early. It clusters with ει, ειην and ειναι under a shared root. The sections below give every sense, occurrence, and version rendering.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's G1510 catalogs a Greek word from the Greek New Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Greek New Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 2,096
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 2,096 distinct verses.
- 27 / 27
- NT books
- The word appears in 27 of 27 New Testament books.
- #6
- by frequency
- Top 10 most frequent Greek words (rank 6 of 5,347 Greek words by occurrence).
View all 2,096 occurrences in the concordance →
By section of the New Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Some books belong to more than one corpus (Luke is in both the Gospels and the Lukan corpus, and so on), so these shares overlap and need not total 100%. Each figure is a share of the word’s 2,096 distinct verses.
- Gospels 1,097 verses · 52%
- Lukan (Luke–Acts) 567 verses · 27%
- Johannine 514 verses · 25%
- Pauline corpus 484 verses · 23%
- General (Catholic) Epistles 133 verses · 6%
- Revelation 81 verses · 4%
- Hebrews 48 verses · 2%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Am 82×, I am 44×, Is 6×
- American Standard Version: Am 75×, I am 45×, We were 6×
- Berean Standard Bible: Is 651×, Was 240×, Are 233×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Is 789×, Are 272×, Was 248×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders G1510 across 140 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 3 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 6 further occurrences.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders G1510 across 154 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 7 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 1 further occurrence.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders G1510 across 2,237 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 167 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 169 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders G1510 across 2,561 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 65 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Senses in Thayer's
The 1 sense Thayer's distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency or importance). The full entry — with sub-senses — is in the Lexicon Entry tab.
- to be, to exist, to happen, to be present
Word origin
Origin: "the first person singular present indicative; a prolonged form of a primary and defective verb"
Forms in the corpus
The 70 distinct written forms G1510 takes in the Greek New Testament, most frequent first — each parse links to that tense’s occurrences in the concordance.
The 60 most common forms are shown; 10 rarer forms follow in the full concordance.
Same root — word family
Other Thayer's entries built from the same root as G1510, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derived from this word
- ει eî G1488 you are
- ειην eíēn G1498 to be
- ειναι eînai G1511 to be
- εισι eisí G1526 are
- εσμεν esmén G2070 we are
- εστε esté G2075 you are
- εστι estí G2076 he is
- εστω éstō G2077 let be
- ην ēn G2258 was
- ητω ḗtō G2277 let be
- ισθι ísthi G2468 be
- ω ō G5600 to be
- ων ṓn G5607 being
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 15 — not the complete family. 1 of the same-root words is a proper name (a person or place). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint usage
The same Greek word ειμι appears 5,347 times in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), across 4,423 verses in 38 books.
- 5,347
- LXX occurrences
- Tagged occurrences of this Greek word in the Septuagint.
- 4,423
- verses
- Distinct Septuagint verses containing this word.
- 38 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 38 of the 39 Old Testament books.
Sample Septuagint occurrences
- Genesis 1:2 εἰμί
- Exodus 1:5 εἰμί
- Leviticus 1:8 εἰμί
- Numbers 1:4 εἰμί
- Deuteronomy 1:10 εἰμί
- Joshua 1:4 εἰμί
- Judges 1:7 εἰμί
- Ruth 1:2 εἰμί
- 1 Samuel 1:1 εἰμί
- 2 Samuel 1:8 εἰμί
- 1 Kings 1:2 εἰμί
- 2 Kings 1:3 εἰμί
Septuagint occurrences (same lexeme)
Every verse where the same Strong’s number (G1510) appears in the Greek Septuagint — showing the first 50 of 4,423. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context; the Greek form is the matched word — the English is not keyword-highlighted.
- Genesis 1:2 εἰμί Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
- Genesis 1:6 εἰμί God said, "Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters."
- Genesis 1:7 εἰμί God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse, and it was so.
- Genesis 1:14 εἰμί God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;
- Genesis 1:15 εἰμί and let them be for lights in the expanse of sky to give light on the earth," and it was so.
- Genesis 1:29 εἰμί God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
- Genesis 2:5 εἰμί No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
- Genesis 2:11 εἰμί The name of the first is Pishon: this is the one which flows through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
- Genesis 2:12 εἰμί and the gold of that land is good. There is aromatic resin and the onyx stone.
- Genesis 2:18 εἰμί Yahweh God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
- Genesis 2:24 εἰμί Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
- Genesis 2:25 εἰμί They were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
- Genesis 3:1 εἰμί Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Yes, has God said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
- Genesis 3:3 εἰμί but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
- Genesis 3:5 εἰμί for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
- Genesis 3:6 εἰμί When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit of it, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
- Genesis 3:7 εἰμί Both of their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
- Genesis 3:9 εἰμί Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
- Genesis 3:10 εἰμί The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
- Genesis 3:11 εἰμί God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
- Genesis 3:19 εἰμί By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
- Genesis 4:2 εἰμί Again she gave birth, to Cain's brother Abel. Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.
- Genesis 4:8 εἰμί Cain said to Abel, his brother, "Let's go into the field." It happened, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel, his brother, and killed him.
- Genesis 4:9 εἰμί Yahweh said to Cain, "Where is Abel, your brother?" He said, "I don't know. Am I my brother's keeper?"
- Genesis 4:12 εἰμί From now on, when you till the ground, it won't yield its strength to you. You shall be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth."
- Genesis 4:14 εἰμί Behold, you have driven me out this day from the surface of the ground. I will be hidden from your face, and I will be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth. It will happen that whoever finds me will kill me."
- Genesis 4:17 εἰμί Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
- Genesis 4:20 εἰμί Adah gave birth to Jabal, who was the father of those who dwell in tents and have cattle.
- Genesis 4:21 εἰμί His brother's name was Jubal, who was the father of all who handle the harp and pipe.
- Genesis 4:22 εἰμί Zillah also gave birth to Tubal Cain, the forger of every cutting instrument of brass and iron. Tubal Cain's sister was Naamah.
- Genesis 5:32 εἰμί Noah was five hundred years old, and Noah became the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
- Genesis 6:2 εἰμί that God's sons saw that men's daughters were beautiful, and they took for themselves wives of all that they chose.
- Genesis 6:3 εἰμί Yahweh said, "My Spirit will not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; yet will his days be one hundred twenty years."
- Genesis 6:4 εἰμί The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when God's sons came to men's daughters. They bore children to them: the same were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.
- Genesis 6:9 εἰμί This is the history of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless among the people of his time. Noah walked with God.
- Genesis 6:12 εἰμί God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.
- Genesis 6:17 εἰμί I, even, I do bring the flood of waters on this earth, to destroy all flesh having the breath of life from under the sky. Everything that is in the earth will die.
- Genesis 6:19 εἰμί Of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every sort into the ark, to keep them alive with you. They shall be male and female.
- Genesis 6:21 εἰμί Take with you of all food that is eaten, and gather it to you; and it will be for food for you, and for them."
- Genesis 7:6 εἰμί Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters came on the earth.
- Genesis 7:15 εἰμί They went to Noah into the ark, by pairs of all flesh with the breath of life in them.
- Genesis 7:19 εἰμί The waters prevailed exceedingly on the earth. All the high mountains that were under the whole sky were covered.
- Genesis 7:22 εἰμί All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, of all that was on the dry land, died.
- Genesis 7:23 εἰμί Every living thing was destroyed that was on the surface of the ground, including man, cattle, creeping things, and birds of the sky. They were destroyed from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those who were with him in the ark.
- Genesis 8:1 εἰμί God remembered Noah, all the animals, and all the cattle that were with him in the ark; and God made a wind to pass over the earth. The waters subsided.
- Genesis 8:9 εἰμί but the dove found no place to rest her foot, and she returned to him into the ark; for the waters were on the surface of the whole earth. He put forth his hand, and took her, and brought her to him into the ark.
- Genesis 8:17 εἰμί Bring forth with you every living thing that is with you of all flesh, including birds, cattle, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply on the earth."
- Genesis 9:2 εἰμί The fear of you and the dread of you will be on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the sky. Everything that the ground teems with, and all the fish of the sea are delivered into your hand.
- Genesis 9:3 εἰμί Every moving thing that lives will be food for you. As the green herb, I have given everything to you.
- Genesis 9:11 εἰμί I will establish my covenant with you; neither will all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of the flood; neither will there any more be a flood to destroy the earth."
These are occurrences of the same Greek lexeme (G1510) in the Septuagint — not a translation of any one Hebrew word. The store carries no word-level Hebrew↔Greek alignment, so no Hebrew original is asserted here. Counts come from the recovered LXX Strong's tagging — high-frequency vocabulary is well covered, while rare or late forms may be untagged — so they reflect tagged occurrences and may slightly undercount.