יָרַד
to go down
also: descend, decline, march down, sink down fuller range ↓
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
See every Qal verb in the Hebrew Bible →
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Verb
- An action or state-of-being word.
Stem
- Qal
- The basic, simple active stem — the plain form of the verb (“he wrote”). Here: ‘go down’
- Hiphil
- The causative active stem (“he caused / brought about”). Here: ‘bring down’
- Hophal
- The passive counterpart of the Hiphil (“he was caused to…”). Here: ‘be brought down’
Form
- Sequential Imperfect
- An imperfect with prefixed waw — the standard past-narrative form (waw-consecutive imperfect).
- Perfect
- A completed action or state — Hebrew marks aspect (completeness) more than strict tense (“he wrote”).
- Participle Active
- A verbal adjective expressing ongoing or characteristic action (“writing / one who writes”).
- Infinitive Construct
- A bound verbal noun, frequently with prepositions (“to write / in writing”).
- Sequential Perfect
- A perfect with prefixed waw continuing a preceding imperfect or command (waw-consecutive perfect).
- Imperfect
- An incomplete, ongoing, or future action (“he will / would write”).
- Imperative
- A direct command (“write!”).
- Cohortative
- A first-person volitional form expressing wish or resolve (“let me / let us write”).
- Jussive
- A third- or second-person volitional form expressing wish or command (“let him write”).
- Infinitive Absolute
- An unbound verbal noun, often intensifying or standing in for a finite verb.
State
- Construct
- A noun bound to a following noun in a possessive / “of” relationship (the construct chain).
- Absolute
- The independent form of a noun, not bound to a following word.
Person
- 3rd Person
- The one spoken about (“he / she / it / they”).
- 2nd Person
- The one addressed (“you”).
- 1st Person
- The speaker (“I / we”).
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
- Common
- Either gender — not distinguished for this form.
- Feminine
- Grammatically feminine.
Number
- Singular
- One.
- Plural
- More than one (in Hebrew, generally three or more).
66 distinct verses where H3381 appears in the Hiphil stem, across 21 books. Filtered view — show all forms. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Genesis 13 verses
- Genesis 24:18 וַ/תֹּ֧רֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3fs She said, "Drink, my lord." She hurried, and let down her pitcher on her hand, and gave him drink.
- Genesis 24:46 וַ/תּ֤וֹרֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3fs She hurried and let down her pitcher from her shoulder, and said, 'Drink, and I will also give your camels a drink.' So I drank, and she made the camels drink also.
- Genesis 37:25 לְ/הוֹרִ֥יד prep + Hiphil inf.cs They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.
- Genesis 39:1 הוּרַ֣ד הוֹרִדֻ֖/הוּ Hophal pf 3ms Hiphil pf 3cp + sfx pers 3ms Joseph was brought down to Egypt. Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him from the hand of the Ishmaelites that had brought him down there.
- Genesis 42:38 יֵרֵ֥ד וְ/הוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם Qal impf 3ms conj + Hiphil wpf 2mp He said, "My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he only is left. If harm happens to him by the way in which you go, then you will bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol."
- Genesis 43:7 הוֹרִ֖ידוּ Hiphil impv 2mp They said, "The man asked directly concerning ourselves, and concerning our relatives, saying, 'Is your father still alive? Have you another brother?' We just answered his questions. Is there any way we could know that he would say, 'Bring your brother down?'"
- Genesis 43:11 וְ/הוֹרִ֥ידוּ conj + Hiphil impv 2mp Their father, Israel, said to them, "If it be so now, do this. Take from the choice fruits of the land in your bags, and carry down a present for the man, a little balm, a little honey, spices and myrrh, nuts, and almonds;
- Genesis 43:22 הוֹרַ֥דְנוּ Hiphil pf 1cp We have brought down other money in our hand to buy food. We don't know who put our money in our sacks."
- Genesis 44:11 וַ/יּוֹרִ֛דוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp Then they hurried, and took down every man his sack to the ground, and opened every man his sack.
- Genesis 44:21 הוֹרִדֻ֖/הוּ Hiphil impv 2mp + sfx pers 3ms You said to your servants, 'Bring him down to me, that I may set my eyes on him.'
- Genesis 44:29 וְ/הֽוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם conj + Hiphil wpf 2mp If you take this one also from me, and harm happens to him, you will bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol.'
- Genesis 44:31 וְ/הוֹרִ֨ידוּ conj + Hiphil wpf 3cp it will happen, when he sees that the boy is no more, that he will die. Your servants will bring down the gray hairs of your servant, our father, with sorrow to Sheol.
- Genesis 45:13 וְ/הוֹרַדְתֶּ֥ם conj + Hiphil wpf 2mp You shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt, and of all that you have seen. You shall hurry and bring my father down here."
Exodus 1 verse
Numbers 2 verses
- Numbers 1:51 יוֹרִ֤ידוּ Hiphil impf 3mp When the tabernacle is to move, the Levites shall take it down; and when the tabernacle is to be set up, the Levites shall set it up. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death.
- Numbers 4:5 וְ/הוֹרִ֕דוּ conj + Hiphil wpf 3cp When the camp moves forward, Aaron shall go in, and his sons, and they shall take down the veil of the screen, and cover the ark of the Testimony with it,
Deuteronomy 2 verses
- Deuteronomy 1:25 וַ/יּוֹרִ֖דוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp They took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down to us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which Yahweh our God gives to us.
- Deuteronomy 21:4 וְ/הוֹרִ֡דוּ conj + Hiphil wpf 3cp and the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer to a valley with running water, which is neither plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.
Joshua 4 verses
- Joshua 2:15 וַ/תּוֹרִדֵ֥/ם conj + Hiphil wimpf 3fs + sfx pers 3mp Then she let them down by a cord through the window: for her house was on the side of the wall, and she lived on the wall.
- Joshua 2:18 הוֹרַדְתֵּ֣/נוּ Hiphil pf 2fs + sfx pers 1cp Behold, when we come into the land, you shall bind this line of scarlet thread in the window which you did let us down by: and you shall gather to you into the house your father, and your mother, and your brothers, and all your father's household.
- Joshua 8:29 וַ/יֹּרִ֧ידוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp The king of Ai he hanged on a tree until the evening: and at the going down of the sun Joshua commanded, and they took his body down from the tree, and cast it at the entrance of the gate of the city, and raised thereon a great heap of stones, to this day.
- Joshua 10:27 וַ/יֹּֽרִידוּ/ם֙ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp + sfx pers 3mp It happened at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave in which they had hidden themselves, and laid great stones on the mouth of the cave, to this very day.
Judges 3 verses
- Judges 7:4 הוֹרֵ֤ד Hiphil impv 2ms Yahweh said to Gideon, The people are yet too many; bring them down to the water, and I will try them for you there: and it shall be, that of whom I tell you, This shall go with you, the same shall go with you; and of whoever I tell you, This shall not go with you, the same shall not go.
- Judges 7:5 וַ/יּ֥וֹרֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms So he brought down the people to the water: and Yahweh said to Gideon, Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, as a dog laps, him shall you set by himself; likewise everyone who bows down on his knees to drink.
- Judges 16:21 וַ/יּוֹרִ֨ידוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp The Philistines laid hold on him, and put out his eyes; and they brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he did grind in the prison-house.
1 Samuel 6 verses
- 1 Samuel 2:6 מוֹרִ֥יד Hiphil ptcp.act ms Yahweh kills, and makes alive: He brings down to Sheol, and brings up.
- 1 Samuel 6:15 הוֹרִ֣ידוּ Hiphil pf 3cp The Levites took down the ark of Yahweh, and the coffer that was with it, in which the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day to Yahweh.
- 1 Samuel 19:12 וַ/תֹּ֧רֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3fs So Michal let David down through the window: and he went, and fled, and escaped.
- 1 Samuel 21:13 וַ/יּ֥וֹרֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms He changed his behavior before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down on his beard.
- 1 Samuel 30:15 הֲ/תוֹרִדֵ֖/נִי וְ/אוֹרִֽדְ/ךָ֖ ptcl inter + Hiphil impf 2ms + sfx pers 1cs conj + Hiphil impf 1cs + sfx pers 2ms David said to him, Will you bring me down to this troop? He said, Swear to me by God, that you will neither kill me, nor deliver me up into the hands of my master, and I will bring you down to this troop.
- 1 Samuel 30:16 וַ/יֹּ֣רִדֵ֔/הוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms + sfx pers 3ms When he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad over all the ground, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.
2 Samuel 1 verse
1 Kings 7 verses
- 1 Kings 1:33 וְ/הוֹרַדְתֶּ֥ם conj + Hiphil wpf 2mp The king said to them, Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon:
- 1 Kings 1:53 וַ/יֹּרִדֻ֨/הוּ֙ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp + sfx pers 3ms So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. He came and did obeisance to king Solomon; and Solomon said to him, Go to your house.
- 1 Kings 2:6 תוֹרֵ֧ד Hiphil impf 2ms Do therefore according to your wisdom, and don't let his gray head go down to Sheol in peace.
- 1 Kings 2:9 וְ/הוֹרַדְתָּ֧ conj + Hiphil wpf 2ms Now therefore don't hold him guiltless, for you are a wise man; and you will know what you ought to do to him, and you shall bring his gray head down to Sheol with blood.
- 1 Kings 5:9 יֹרִ֨דוּ Hiphil impf 3mp My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon to the sea; and I will make them into rafts to go by sea to the place that you shall appoint me, and will cause them to be broken up there, and you shall receive them; and you shall accomplish my desire, in giving food for my household.
- 1 Kings 17:23 וַ/יֹּרִדֵ֤/הוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms + sfx pers 3ms Elijah took the child, and brought him down out of the chamber into the house, and delivered him to his mother; and Elijah said, Behold, your son lives.
- 1 Kings 18:40 וַ/יּוֹרִדֵ֤/ם conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms + sfx pers 3mp and Elijah said to them, Take the prophets of Baal; don't let one of them escape. They took them; and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and killed them there.
2 Kings 2 verses
- 2 Kings 11:19 וַ/יֹּרִ֤ידוּ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp He took the captains over hundreds, and the Carites, and the guard, and all the people of the land; and they brought down the king from the house of Yahweh, and came by the way of the gate of the guard to the king's house. He sat on the throne of the kings.
- 2 Kings 16:17 הוֹרִ֔ד Hiphil pf 3ms King Ahaz cut off the panels of the bases, and removed the basin from off them, and took down the sea from off the brazen oxen that were under it, and put it on a pavement of stone.
2 Chronicles 1 verse
Psalms 4 verses
- Psalms 55:23 תּוֹרִדֵ֬/ם Hiphil impf 2ms + sfx pers 3mp But you, God, will bring them down into the pit of destruction. Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days, But I will trust in you.
- Psalms 56:7 הוֹרֵ֬ד Hiphil impv 2ms Shall they escape by iniquity? In anger cast down the peoples, God.
- Psalms 59:11 וְ/הוֹרִידֵ֑/מוֹ conj + Hiphil impv 2ms + sfx pers 3mp Don't kill them, or my people may forget. Scatter them by your power, and bring them down, Lord our shield.
- Psalms 78:16 וַ/יּ֖וֹרֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms He brought streams also out of the rock, And caused waters to run down like rivers.
Proverbs 1 verse
Isaiah 3 verses
- Isaiah 10:13 וְ/אוֹרִ֥יד conj + Hiphil impf 1cs For he has said, By the strength of my hand I have done it, and by my wisdom; for I have understanding: and I have removed the bounds of the peoples, and have robbed their treasures, and like a valiant man I have brought down those who sit [on thrones]:
- Isaiah 43:14 וְ/הוֹרַדְתִּ֤י conj + Hiphil wpf 1cs Thus says Yahweh, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: For your sake I have sent to Babylon, and I will bring down all of them as fugitives, even the Chaldeans, in the ships of their rejoicing.
- Isaiah 63:6 וְ/אוֹרִ֥יד conj + Hiphil impf 1cs I trod down the peoples in my anger, and made them drunk in my wrath, and I poured out their lifeblood on the earth.
Jeremiah 2 verses
- Jeremiah 49:16 אֽוֹרִידְ/ךָ֖ Hiphil impf 1cs + sfx pers 2ms As for your terror, the pride of your heart has deceived you, O you who dwell in the clefts of the rock, who hold the height of the hill: though you should make your nest as high as the eagle, I will bring you down from there, says Yahweh.
- Jeremiah 51:40 אֽוֹרִידֵ֖/ם Hiphil impf 1cs + sfx pers 3mp I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams with male goats.
Lamentations 2 verses
- Lamentations 2:10 הוֹרִ֤ידוּ Hiphil pf 3cp The elders of the daughter of Zion sit on the ground, they keep silence; They have cast up dust on their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: The virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.
- Lamentations 2:18 הוֹרִ֨ידִי Hiphil impv 2fs Their heart cried to the Lord: wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night; Give yourself no respite; don't let the apple of your eye cease.
Ezekiel 5 verses
- Ezekiel 26:20 וְ/הוֹרַדְתִּי/ךְ֩ י֨וֹרְדֵי י֣וֹרְדֵי conj + Hiphil wpf 1cs + sfx pers 2fs Qal ptcp.act mp cs Qal ptcp.act mp cs then will I bring you down with those who descend into the pit, to the people of old time, and will make you to dwell in the lower parts of the earth, in the places that are desolate of old, with those who go down to the pit, that you be not inhabited; and I will set glory in the land of the living:
- Ezekiel 28:8 יֽוֹרִד֑וּ/ךָ Hiphil impf 3mp + sfx pers 2ms They shall bring you down to the pit; and you shall die the death of those who are slain, in the heart of the seas.
- Ezekiel 31:16 בְּ/הוֹרִדִ֥/י י֣וֹרְדֵי prep + Hiphil inf.cs + sfx pers 1cs Qal ptcp.act mp cs I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to Sheol with those who descend into the pit; and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, were comforted in the lower parts of the earth.
- Ezekiel 32:18 וְ/הוֹרִדֵ֑/הוּ י֥וֹרְדֵי conj + Hiphil impv 2ms + sfx pers 3ms Qal ptcp.act mp cs Son of man, wail for the multitude of Egypt, and cast them down, even her, and the daughters of the famous nations, to the lower parts of the earth, with those who go down into the pit.
- Ezekiel 34:26 וְ/הוֹרַדְתִּ֤י conj + Hiphil wpf 1cs I will make them and the places round about my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in its season; there shall be showers of blessing.
Hosea 1 verse
Joel 2 verses
- Joel 2:23 וַ/יּ֣וֹרֶד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms "Be glad then, you children of Zion, And rejoice in Yahweh, your God; For he gives you the former rain in just measure, And he causes the rain to come down for you, The former rain and the latter rain, As before.
- Joel 3:2 וְ/ה֣וֹרַדְתִּ֔י/ם conj + Hiphil pf 1cs + sfx pers 3mp I will gather all nations, And will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat; And I will execute judgment on them there for my people, And for my heritage, Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations. They have divided my land,
Amos 2 verses
- Amos 3:11 וְ/הוֹרִ֤ד conj + Hiphil wpf 3ms Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: "An adversary will overrun the land; And he will pull down your strongholds, And your fortresses will be plundered."
- Amos 9:2 אוֹרִידֵֽ/ם Hiphil impf 1cs + sfx pers 3mp Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them; and though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down.
Obadiah 2 verses
- Obadiah 1:3 יוֹרִדֵ֖/נִי Hiphil impf 3ms + sfx pers 1cs The pride of your heart has deceived you, you who dwell in the clefts of the rock, whose habitation is high, who says in his heart, 'Who will bring me down to the ground?'
- Obadiah 1:4 אוֹרִֽידְ/ךָ֖ Hiphil impf 1cs + sfx pers 2ms Though you mount on high as the eagle, and though your nest is set among the stars, I will bring you down from there, says Yahweh.
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
“to go down” is the headline sense of the Hebrew verb ירד (yârad). Its earliest occurrence is Genesis 11:5. It turns up in 345 verses across 32 books, a common footprint. The verb spans 3 stems, from Qal to Hiphil. It clusters with מורד, ירד and ירדן under a shared root. See the sense tree, 345-verse concordance, and the renderings breakdown below.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H3381 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 345
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 345 distinct verses.
- 32 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 32 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #130
- by frequency
- Top 250 most frequent Hebrew words (rank 130 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 345 occurrences in the concordance →
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 345 distinct verses.
- Prophets (Nevi'im) 208 verses · 60%
- Torah (Pentateuch) 81 verses · 23%
- Writings (Ketuvim) 56 verses · 16%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Go down 34×, Went down 33×, Came down 32×
- American Standard Version: Went down 36×, Go down 33×, Came down 24×
- Berean Standard Bible: Went down 37×, Go down 28×, Came down 23×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Went down 50×, Go down 40×, And 39×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H3381 across 386 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 131 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 2 further occurrences.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H3381 across 385 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 136 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H3381 across 372 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 134 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 7 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H3381 across 480 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 105 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
34 senses and sub-senses in the full BDB
Hebrew verbs can shift meaning by stem (binyan): Qal is the basic action, Niphal is often passive or reflexive, Piel often intensifies or makes it factitive, and Hiphil is typically causative. The senses below are grouped under the stem BDB assigns to each. This entry also uses Hophal (the passive of Hiphil).
What do BDB’s symbols mean?
BDB uses these scholarly abbreviations:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 𝔊 | the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation, LXX) |
| 𝔙 | the Vulgate (the Latin translation) |
| 𝔖 | the Syriac version (the Peshitta) |
| 𝔗 | the Targum (the Aramaic translation) |
| ψ | the Psalms |
| √ | root (the underlying root or stem) |
| ‖ | parallel passage (a synonymous or contrasted parallel) |
| † | the dagger: every passage where the word occurs is cited |
The 34 senses and sub-senses the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency), with BDB’s own verbatim wording and sub-sense lettering. Shown in Hebrew script with BDB’s own scholarly abbreviations. The condensed entry is in the Lexicon Entry tab. See also the Forms in the corpus table below.
Qal
- Pf. יָרַד Ex 19:18 +; יְרַד Ju 5:13(×2) (but read יָרַד or יֵרֵד); רַד 19:11 (read יָרַד), etc.; Impf. יֵרֵד Gn 42:38 +; וַיֵּ֫רֶד Gn 11:5 +; וַיֵּרַ֑ד 2 S 22:10 + 2 times; 3 fs. (אֵשׁ) תֵּ֫רֶד 2 K 1:10, 12; תּרַד Je 13:17 La 3:48; תֵּרֵ֔ד Is 34:5; 63:14; תֵּרֵ֑ד Ez 26:11 (יוֹרִיד Vrss Co); וַתֵּ֫רֶד Gn 24:16 + 7 times; 2 ms. תֵּרֵד Gn 26:2 + 5 times + 1 S 20:19, where read תִּפָּקֵד We Dr, cf. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 1 s. אֵרֵד Gn 37:35 + 3 times; וָאֵרֵד Ex 3:8 + 3 times; cohort. אֵרְדָה־נָא Gn 18:21; יֵרְדוּ 1 S 13:12 + 4 times; וַיֵּרְדוּ Gn 42:3 + 19 times; 3 f. pl. תֵּרַדְנָה Je 14:17 + 2 times; 1 pl. נֵרֵד Gn 43:5; cohort. נֵרְדָה Gn 11:7 + 2 times; וַנֵּ֫רֶד 2 K 10:13; Imv. רֵד Ex 19:21 +; רְדָה Gn 45:9 Ez 32:19; רֵ֑דָה 2 K 1:9, 11; fs. רְדִי Je 48:18 Is 47:1; mpl. רְדוּ Gn 42:2 + 5 times; Inf. abs. יָרֹד Gn 43:20; cstr. רֶ֫דֶת Gn 44:26 +; (מֵ)רְדָה Gn 46:3 (v. Köi. 402); sf. רִדְתִּי ψ 30:10, etc. (in ψ 30:4 read Kt מִיּוֹרְדֵי, so 𝔊 𝔖 Che Bae, v. Ol§§ 160 b, 245 d); Pt. יוֹרֵד Ju 9:36 +; fs. יֹרְדָה La 1:16; (הַ)יֹּרֶ֫דֶת Ec 3:21 1 S 25:30, etc.;— e.g. Exodus 19:18
- 1.
- a. come or go down: from (מִן) a mountain Ex 19:14; 32:1, 15 (all E), 34:29(×2) (JE), Dt 9:15; 10:5 Nu 20:28 (P) +; abs. Ex 19:21, 24 (J), v 25 (J; c. אֶל pers.); from the air, of birds, sq. עַל Gn 15:11 (JE). e.g. Exodus 19:14
- b. go down (usually from mountain or hill-country into plain), to battle, abs. Ju 5:14; sq. לָעֵמֶק Ju 1:34; sq. לַשְּׁעָרִים Ju 5:11; sq. אֶל v 10, 11, cf. 1 S 17:8 (sq. אֶל pers.); sq. לִקְרַאת Ju 7:24; sq. אַחֲרֵי pers. 1 S 14:36; sq. ב loc. Ju 7:9; בַּמִּלְחָמָה יֵרֵד וְנִסְפָּה 1 S 26:10, cf. 29:4; 30:24; of single combat, וַיֵּרֶד אֵלָיו בַּשָּׁ֑בֶט 2 S 23:21 = 1 Ch 11:23. e.g. Judges 5:14
- c. go down to (acc.) threshing-floor, Ru 3:3, 5; (from David’s palace) to Uriah’s house (אֶל) 2 S 11:9, 10(×2), 13; from temple to (acc.) king’s house Je 36:12 (+ עַל־לִשְׁכַּת הַסֹּפֵר); רֵד בֵּית־מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָח 22:1, etc. e.g. Ruth 3:3
- d. go down (abs.) from Palestine to Egypt Gn 42:3 (E), v 38 (J) + 6 times JE; †sq. אֵלַי Gn 45:9 (E); sq. מִצְרַ֫יְמָה Gn 46:3, 4 (E), 12:10; 26:2 (both J), Nu 20:15 (JE); sq. מִצְרַיִם Jos 24:4 (E), Gn 43:15 (J), Is 30:2; 31:1; 52:4; sq. שָׁ֫מָּה Gn 42:2 (E)†; so to Philistine cities Ju 14:19; 16:31 1 S 13:20 Am 6:2. e.g. Genesis 42:3
- e. from Jerusalem, abs. Ju 1:9 1 K 1:25 Ne 6:3 2 Ch 20:16 (to battle); to Jezreel 2 K 8:21 = 9:26 = 2 Ch 22:6; to Samaria 1 K 22:2 = 2 Ch 18:2; (to Gihon) 1 Ki 1:38, etc. e.g. Judges 1:9
- f. from altar ירד מֵעֲשׂוֹת הַחַטָּאת Lv 9:22 (P); from chariot, c. מֵעַל Ju 4:15; from ass, c. מֵעַל 1 S 25:23; from throne, c. מֵעַל Ez 26:16, abs. Is 47:1, cf. רְדִי מִכָּבוֹד Je 48:18; from ships, c. מִן Ez 27:29; from bed, c. מִן 2 K 1:4, 6, 16 (all opp. עלה). e.g. Leviticus 9:22
- g. go down הָעַ֫יְנָה Gn 24:16, 45 (J); sq. לִרְחֹץ עַל הַיְאֹר Ex 2:5 (E), cf. (abs.) 2 K 5:14; sq. acc. הַסֶּלַע 1 S 23:25; יוֹרְדֵי הַיָּם Is 42:10; יוֹרְדֵי הַיָּם בָּאֳנִיּוֹת ψ 107:23; abs. (into pit or well) 2 S 23:30 = 1 Ch 11:22, sq. שָׁם (i.e. בְּאֵר) 2 S 17:18.—וְיָרַדְתִּי Ju 11:37, read וְרַדְתִּי (√ רוד, wander about), RS in Bla. e.g. Genesis 24:16
- h. = sink, in water יָֽרְדוּ בִמְצוֹלוֹת כְּמוֹ־אָ֑בֶן Ex 15:5 (song in E); לְקִצְבֵי הָרִים יָרַדְתִּי Jon 2:7; more gen., opp. rising, יַעֲלוּ הָרִים יֵֽרְדוּ בְקָעוֹת ψ 104:8 mountains rise, valleys sink; יַעֲלוּ שָׁמַיִם יֵרְדוּ תְהוֹמוֹת 107:26. e.g. Exodus 15:5
- i. go down to Sheʾôl: †sq. שְׁא֫וֹלָה Gn 37:35 (J; + אֶל־בְּנִי), Nu 16:30, 33 (JE), Ez 31:15, 17; sq. שְׁאוֹל Ez 32:27 ψ 55:16 Jb 7:6 (opp. עלה); בַּדֵּי שְׁאֹל תֵּרַדְנָה Jb 17:16; abs. Is 5:14 Ez 32:19 (‖ הָשְׁכְּבָה), v 21, 30, ψ 49:15 (sq. אַחֲרָיו); יָֽרְדוּ עֲרֵלִים Ez 32:24; sq. שַׁחַת Jb 33:24, אֶל־שַׁחַת ψ 30:10; sq. בּוֹר ψ 30:4 Qr (Kt יורדי); יוֹרְדֵי אֶל־אַבְנֵי־בוֹר Is 14:19†; יוֹרְדֵי בוֹר ψ 28:1 Ez 26:20(×2) (‖ אֶרֶץ תַּחְתִּיּוֹת) + 11 times (v. בּוֹר); †יוֹרְדֵי עָפָר ψ 22:30; יוֹרְדֵי דוּמָה 115:17 (‖ הַמֵּתִים); רַגְלֶיהָ יֹרְדֹת מָ֑וֶת Pr 5:5, cf. 7:27 (‖ דַּרְכֵי שְׁאוֹל); note also מִי יוֹדֵעַ … רוּחַ הַבְּהֵמָה הַיֹּרֶדֶת הִיא לְמַטָּה לָאָרֶץ Ec 3:21 (opp. הָעֹלָה הִיא לְמָ֑עְלָה; read חֲיֹרדת, הַעֹלָה, with Vrss, see VB). e.g. Genesis 37:35
- j. fig. יֹרֵד בַּבֶּ֑כִי Is 15:3 going down (dissolving) in tears (‖ יְיֵלֵיל; cf. 3 c). e.g. Isaiah 15:3
- k. = be prostrated, abs., of horses and riders Hg 2:22, cf. Is 34:7, perhaps also Je 48:15; 50:27 (+ לַטָּ֑בַח); forest Is 32:19 Zc 11:2; city Dt 20:20 La 1:9; wall Dt 28:52; nation תֵּרֵד מַ֫טָּה מָ֑טָּה Dt 28:43 (opp. עלה); מַצֵּבוֹה Ez 26:11 + לָאָרֶץ (where Co ויחרדו). e.g. Haggai 2:22
- 2. of divine manifestations: descend, of י׳ in theoph. [= על ההר]יָרַד עָלָיו י׳ בָּאֵשׁ Ex 19:11, 18 (E), v 20 (J; אֶל־רֹאשׁ הָהָר), cf. Ne 9:13; יֵרֵד י׳ צְבָאוֹת לִצְבֹּא עַל־הַר־צִיּוֹן Is 31:4; abs. Gn 11:5, 7; 18:21 Ex 3:8 (all J), Nu 11:17 (JE), 2 S 22:10 = ψ 18:10 (cf. 144:5), Mi 1:3 Is 63:19; 64:2; וַיֵּרֶד י׳ בֶּעָנָן Ex 34:5 Nu 11:25, cf. 12:5 (all JE); of pillar of cloud Ex 33:9 (JE); מִ׳ עָלָה־שָׁמַיִם וַיֵּרַ֡ד Pr 30:4; of angels on סֻלָּם; עֹלִים וְיֹרְדִים בּוֹ Gn 28:12 (E). e.g. Exodus 19:11
- 3. of inanimate things:
- a. hail c. עַל pers. Ex 9:19 (J); dew c. עַל loc. Nu 11:9 (JE), ψ 133:3; rain (as אָבָק and עָפָר), sq. מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם + על pers. Dt 28:24, so in sim. of future king יֵרֵד כְּמָטָר עַל־גֵּז ψ 72:6; of גֶּשֶׁם and שֶׁלֶג, c. מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם Is 55:10; manna (c. עַל loc.) Nu 11:9 (JE); fire from (מִן) heaven 2 K 1:10(×2), 12(×2), 14 2 Ch 7:1, abs. 2 Ch 7:3. e.g. Exodus 9:19
- b. waters, flowing down הַנַּחַל הַיֹּרֵד מִן־הָהָר Dt 9:21, cf. Jos 3:13 (sq. מִלְמָ֑עְלָה), v 16; sq. עַל־יַם הָעֲרָבָה v 16; עַל־הָעֲרָבָה Ez 47:8; sq. מִן 47:1. e.g. Deuteronomy 9:21
- c. tears, פַּלְגֵי־מַיִם יָֽרְדוּ עֵינָ֑י ψ 119:36, and so La 3:48; also עֵינִי יֹרְדָה מַיִם La 1:16, and so Je 9:17; 13:17; 14:17 (cf. also Is 15:3, 1 j). e.g. Psalms 119:36
- d. of oil descending upon (על) beard, etc. ψ 133:2(×2). e.g. Psalms 133:2
- e. of shadow on dial 2 K 20:11 = Is 38:8(×2). e.g. 2 Kings 20:11
- f. of boundary going down (from or to a place) Jos 16:3 (JE), elsewhere P, Nu 34:11(×2), 12 Jos 15:10; 16:7; 17:9; 18:13, 16. e.g. Joshua 16:3
- g. come down, abs. of headdresses, in sign of humiliation Je 13:18. e.g. Jeremiah 13:18
- h. pride of power Ez 30:6. e.g. Ezekiel 30:6
- i. of calamity מֵאֵת י׳ Mi 1:12; עַל־קָדְקְדוֹ הֲמָסוֹ יֵרֵד ψ 7:17; of sword descending on (על) Edom Is 34:5. e.g. Micah 1:12
- j. fig. of words of talebearer; יָֽרְדוּ חַדְרֵי־בָּ֑טֶן Pr 18:8 = 26:22.—Vid. also supr. 1 k. e.g. Proverbs 18:8
Hiphil
- Pf. 3 ms. הוֹרִד 2 K 16:17; וְהוֹרִיד consec. Am 3:11 (We וְהוּרַד); 2 ms. וְהוֹרַדְתָּ֫ 1 K 2:9; 2 fs. sf. הוֹרַדְתֵּנִי Jos 2:18 (v. Baern. and Köi 412); הוֹרִידוּ 1 S 6:15 La 2:10 etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיּוֹרֶד Ju 7:5 + 5 times (+ 1 K 6:32 Klo, who reads וַיֹּרֶד for וַיָּרֶד, v. רדד); sf. יוֹרִידֵנִי Ob 3; יוֹרִדֵהוּ 1 S 30:16 1 K 17:23; וַיֹּרִדֵם 1 K 18:40; 2 ms. וְלֹא תּוֹרֵד 1 K 2:6; sf. (הֲ)תוֹרִדֵנִי 1 S 30:15, תּוֹרִדֵם ψ 55:24 etc.; Imv. ms. הוֹרֵד Ex 33:5 + 2 times; sf. הוֹרִדֵהוּ Ez 32:18; הוֹרִידֵמוֹ ψ 59:12; fs. הוֹרִידִי La 2:18; mpl. הוֹרִידוּ Gn 43:7, 11; sf. הוֹרִדֻהוּ Gn 44:21; Inf. cstr. לְהוֹרִיד Gn 37:25; sf. הוֹרִדִי Ez 31:16; Pt. מוֹרִיד 1 S 2:6; מֹרִיד 2 S 22:48;—cause to come or go down: e.g. 2 Kings 16:17
- 1.
- a. bring down (to Egypt), c. acc. pers. + שָׁ֫מָּה Gn 39:1 (J); + הֵ֫נָּה 45:13 (E); + אֵלַי 44:21; abs. 43:7; c. acc. rei 43:11; + מִצְרַ֫יְמָה 37:25; abs. 43:22 (all J); from Canaan to desert Dt 1:25 (sq. אֵלֵינוּ); to (אֶל) Amalekites 1 S 30:15(×2); abs. v 16; bring down (obj. pers. vel rei) אֶל־הַמַּיִם Ju 7:4, 5; אֶל־נַ֫חַל Dt 21:4 1 K 18:40; יָ֫מָּה 1 K 5:23; to Gaza (עַזָּ֫תָה) Ju 16:21; from Jerusalem to Gihon, c. עַל (Qr אֶל) 1 K 1:33; to valley of Jehosh. (אֶל) Jo 4:2; from (מִן) temple (to king’s house) 2 K 11:19 = 2 Ch 23:20; from (מֵעַל) altar 1 K 1:53; from (מִן) upper chamber, sq. הַבַּ֫יְתָה 1 K 17:23; from (מִן) the heavens Am 9:2; Edom, from (מִן) nest in rocks Je 49:16 Ob 4; cf. of Isr. כְּעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם Ho 7:12; c. acc. of limit (אֶרֶץ) Ob 3; bring down (from Babylon) into (בְּ) ships Is 43:14 (v. VB). e.g. Genesis 39:1
- b. send down rain (הַגֶּשֶׁם) Ez 34:26, cf. Jo 2:23; = cause to flow down, obj. spittle, וַיּוֹרֶד רִירוֹ אֶל־זְקָנוֹ 1 S 21:14; tears הוֹרִידִי כַנַּחל דִּמְעָה La 2:18; water-streams וַיּוֹרֶד כַּנְּהָרוֹת מָ֑יִם ψ 78:16. e.g. Ezekiel 34:26
- c. = lay prostrate, prostrate הוֹרִיד מִמֵּךְ עֻזֵּךְ Am 3:11 (where however We reads וְהוּרַד) cf. Pr 21:22; וְאוֹרִיד כַּאבִּיר יוֹשְׁבִים Is 10:13; of God’s casting down peoples ψ 56:8 Is 63:6 (sq. לָאָרֶץ); מוֹרִיד עַמִּים תַּחְתֵּנוּ 2 S 22:48 (וַיַּדְבֵּר in ‖ ψ 18:48); so perhaps Babylonians, like lambs, לִטְבֿוֹחַ Je 51:40; so ψ 59:12 (si vera l.; 𝔖 וַהֲנִידֵמוֹ make them vagabonds, v. LagProph. Chald. (1872), xlviii. VB Hup Now Che Bae Dr2 S 15:20). e.g. Amos 3:11
- d. bring down to Sheʾôl י׳ מֵמִית וּמְחַיֶּ֑ה מוֹרִיד שְׁאוֹל וַיָּ֑עַל׃ 1 S 2:6; sq. שְׁא(וֹ)ל also 1 K 2:6, 9; sq. שְׁא֫וֹלָה (obj. grey hair) Gn 42:38; 44:29, 31 (all J); cf. Ez 26:20; 31:16; 32:18; sq. לִבְאֵר שַׁחַת ψ 55:24; לַשַּׁחַת Ez 28:8. e.g. 1 Samuel 2:6
- 2. take down (from cart) 1 S 6:15; the sea from upon (מֵעַל) the brazen oxen 2 K 16:17; corpse from (מִן) tree Jos 8:29, and (מֵעַל) 10:27 (both JE); the מִשְׁכָּן Nu 1:51 (P); the פָּרֹכֶת Nu 4:5 (P); take off ornaments מֵעָלֶיךָ Ex 33:5 (JE). e.g. 1 Samuel 6:15
- 3. let down וַתֹּ֫רֶד כַּדָּהּ עַל־יָדָהּ Gn 24:18, so, with מֵעָלֶיהָ v 46, to give one a drink; וַיּוֹרִדוּ אִישׁ אֶת־אַמְתַּחְתּוֹ אָ֑רְצָה Gn 44:11 (all J); obj. pers. Jos 2:18, בַּחֶבֶל בְּעַד הַחַלּוֹן v 15 (both JE); בְּעַד הַחַלּוֹן 1 S 19:12; cf. also הוֹרִידוּ לָאָרֶץ רֹאשָׁן בְּתוּלֹת יְרוּשָׁלַםִ La 2:10 the virgins of Jerusalem have bowed down their heads to the ground. e.g. Genesis 24:18
Hophal
- Pf. הוּרַד Gn 39:1 + 2 times + 1 S 30:24 Kt (Qr Qal Pt.); וְהוּרַד consec. Zc 10:11; 2 ms. וְהוּרַדְתָּ֫ Ez 31:18; Impf. 2 ms. תּוּרַד Is 14:15;— e.g. Genesis 39:1
- 1. be brought down מִצְרַ֫יְמָה Gn 39:1 (J); בַּמִּלְחָמָה 1 S 30:24 Kt (v. supr.); to She’ôl הוּרַד שְׁאוֹל גְּאוֹנֶךָ Is 14:11 (of king of Babylon); אֶל־שְׁאוֹל תּוּרַד אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵי־בוֹר v 15; וְהוּרַדְתָּ֫ אֶל־אֶרֶץ תַּחְתִּית Ez 31:18; וְהוּרַד גְּאוֹן אַשּׁוּר Zc 10:11.—In Am 3:11 We reads וְהוּרַד ממך (v. Hiph. supr.) e.g. Genesis 39:1
- 2. be taken down, of the מִשְׁכָּן Nu 10:7 (P). e.g. Numbers 10:7
Senses from the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon (Brown, Driver, Briggs; Oxford 1906 — public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). Full attribution on Sources.
Word origin
vb. come or go down, descend (NH id.; MI32 וארד and רד; Assyrian arâdu, DlHWB 240; Arabic وَرَدَ come to, arrive at, also descend; Ethiopic ወረደ descend; Sab. ורד and הורד id., DHM in MV)—
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Origin: a primitive root
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
יָרַד
- (b. h.) to move about, run; esp. to go down; י׳ ל־ to enter; י׳ מ־ to leave. Tanḥ. B’ḥuck. 5 (ref. to וירדתי, Jud. XI, 37) וכי … יוֹרֵד על ההרים … עולים להרים does one go down on the mountains, do not men go up to &c.?; ib. הניחני ואֵרֵד אצל ב"ד (ed. Bub. 7 ואלך) give me leave that I may go down to the court-house; Yalk. Jud. 67. Men. 109ᵇ מה זה שלא י׳ לה כך when this one (Shimei) who was not permitted to enter into it (the office) became so jealous, היוֹרֵד לה וכ׳ how much more so is he who once has entered it (and is to be ousted). Ib. כל האומר לי לֵירֵד ממנה וכ׳ whoever would ask me to resign it (the office), I would throw at him &c.—Taan. 8ᵇ יָרְדוּ גשמים it rains. Ib. 8ᵃ אין גשמים יוֹרְדִים וכ׳ the rain falls only for the sake of the men of faith. Cant. R. to I, 2ᵇ מה מים יורדין וכ׳ as the water (rain) comes down in drops.—י׳ לנכסי to take possession of, seize, administer property. B. Mets. 38ᵇ היוֹרֵד לנ׳ שבוים he who takes possession of the property of captives. Tosef. Keth. VIII, 2, sq.; a. fr.—י׳ מנכסיו to be compelled to leave an estate, to become poor (cmp. B. Mets. 38ᵇ היוֹרֵד לנ׳ שבוים he who takes possession of the property of captives. Tosef. Keth. VIII, 2, sq.; a. fr.—י׳ מנכסיו to be compelled to leave an estate, to become poor (cmp. דִּלְדִּל). Gen. R. s. 71; Lam. R. to III, 4; Ned. 64ᵇ; a. fr.—(קרבן) עוֹלֶה ויוֹרֵד a sacrifice of higher or lesser value according to pecuniary conditions (Lev. V, 6—11). Shebu. 21ᵃ. Hor. II, 7 (9ᵃ); a. fr.—[For other idiomatic uses, v. עָלָה.]—Part. pass. יָרוּד q. v. e.g. Judges 11:37
- to let down, bring down; to lower. Taan. 8ᵃ בשעה שהשמים … מִלְּהוֹרִיד וכ׳ ed. (Ms. M., v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.) when the heavens are locked up so as not to let down rain. Lev. R. s. 1 ירד שה׳ את התורה Moses is surnamed Yered (I Chr. IV, 18) because he brought down the Law; שה׳ את חשכינה וכ׳ he caused the Divine Presence to come down &c. Y. Ber. IV, 7ᵈ top לא הוֹרִידוּ אותו מגדולתו they did not remove him from his position. Sot. 13ᵇ (ref. to Gen. XXXIX, 1) א"ת הוּרַד אלא הוֹרִיד שה׳ וכ׳ read not ‘he was brought down’, but ‘he did bring down’, for he (Joseph) was the cause of the removal of the astronomers of Pharaoh from their positions.—Y. B. Kam. IV, 4ᵇ top הוֹרִידָן מנכסיהן he drove them out of their estates (cmp. Bab. B. Kam. 38ᵃ); a. v. fr.—ה׳ לנכסי (v. supra) to appoint as administrator. B. Mets. 38ᵇ מוֹרִידִין קרוב לנ׳ שבוי we may appoint a relative (presumptive heir) an administrator of the estate of a captive; a. fr.—לא מעלה ולא מוריד neither raises nor lowers, i.e. has no effect or influence. Ḥull. 45ᵇ. Gitt. 52ᵃ, a. e. דברי חלומות לא מעלין ולא מוֹרִידִין dreams must not be regarded. Men. V, 6, a. e. מעלה ומוריד moves upward and downward.—[Tosef. Par. IX (VIII), 6 שהוא מוריד, v. מוֹרִיר.]—מעלין … ולא מורידין, v. עָלָה. e.g. 1 Chronicles 4:18
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Forms in the corpus
The 263 distinct written forms H3381 takes in the Hebrew Bible, most frequent first — each parse links to that stem’s occurrences in the concordance. Hebrew forms include their vowel points and cantillation, so a single lemma takes many written forms.
The 60 most common forms are shown; 203 rarer forms follow in the full concordance.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H3381, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derived from this word
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → 2 of the same-root words are proper names (people or places). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 330 verses that also exist in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 345 Hebrew verses it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
- Genesis 11:5
- Exodus 2:5
- Leviticus 9:22
- Numbers 1:51
- Deuteronomy 1:25
- Joshua 2:15
- Judges 1:9
- Ruth 3:3
- 1 Samuel 2:6
- 2 Samuel 5:17
- 1 Kings 1:25
- 2 Kings 1:4
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
