אָיַב
enemy
‘enemy’ is one of 3 main senses fuller range ↓
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Verb
- An action or state-of-being word.
Stem
- Qal
- The basic, simple active stem — the plain form of the verb (“he wrote”).
Form
- Participle Active
- A verbal adjective expressing ongoing or characteristic action (“writing / one who writes”).
State
- Construct
- A noun bound to a following noun in a possessive / “of” relationship (the construct chain).
- Absolute
- The independent form of a noun, not bound to a following word.
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
- Feminine
- Grammatically feminine.
Number
- Plural
- More than one (in Hebrew, generally three or more).
- Singular
- One.
Grammatical forms
- Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct 200 times (70%)
- Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute 55 times (19%)
- Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct 23 times (8%)
- Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Absolute 4 times (1%)
- Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Feminine, Singular, Construct 2 times (1%)
Parsed forms decoded from the imported morphology (morphhb / Westminster Leningrad Codex — WLC text public domain, morphhb tagging CC BY 4.0), counted across 284 parsed occurrences — not distinct verses.
Page 2 of 2 — showing verses 201–275 of 275 distinct verses where H341 appears, across 28 books. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Psalms 73 verses
- Psalms 89:22 אוֹיֵ֣ב Qal ptcp.act ms No enemy will tax him. No wicked man will oppress him.
- Psalms 89:42 אוֹיְבָֽי/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms You have exalted the right hand of his adversaries. You have made all of his enemies rejoice.
- Psalms 89:51 אוֹיְבֶ֥י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms With which your enemies have mocked, Yahweh, With which they have mocked the footsteps of your anointed one.
- Psalms 92:9 אֹיְבֶ֡י/ךָ אֹיְבֶ֣י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms For, behold, your enemies, Yahweh, For, behold, your enemies shall perish. All the evil-doers will be scattered.
- Psalms 102:8 אוֹיְבָ֑/י Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs My enemies reproach me all day. Those who are mad at me use my name as a curse.
- Psalms 106:10 אוֹיֵֽב Qal ptcp.act ms He saved them from the hand of him who hated them, And redeemed them from the hand of the enemy.
- Psalms 106:42 אוֹיְבֵי/הֶ֑ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp Their enemies also oppressed them. They were brought into subjection under their hand.
- Psalms 110:1 אֹ֝יְבֶ֗י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms Yahweh says to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand, Until I make your enemies your footstool for your feet."
- Psalms 110:2 אֹיְבֶֽי/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms Yahweh will send forth the rod of your strength out of Zion. Rule in the midst of your enemies.
- Psalms 119:98 מֵ֭/אֹ֣יְבַ/י prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs Your commandments make me wiser than my enemies, For your commandments are always with me.
- Psalms 127:5 אוֹיְבִ֣ים Qal ptcp.act mp Happy is the man who has his quiver full of them. They won't be disappointed when they speak with their enemies in the gate.
- Psalms 132:18 א֭וֹיְבָי/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms I will clothe his enemies with shame, But on himself, his crown will be resplendant."
- Psalms 138:7 אֹ֭יְבַ/י Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs Though I walk in the midst of trouble, you will revive me. You will stretch forth your hand against the wrath of my enemies. Your right hand will save me.
- Psalms 139:22 לְ֝/אוֹיְבִ֗ים prep + Qal ptcp.act mp I hate them with perfect hatred. They have become my enemies.
- Psalms 143:3 אוֹיֵ֨ב Qal ptcp.act ms For the enemy pursues my soul. He has struck my life down to the ground. He has made me live in dark places, as those who have been long dead.
- Psalms 143:9 מֵ/אֹיְבַ֥/י prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs Deliver me, Yahweh, from my enemies. I flee to you to hide me.
- Psalms 143:12 אֹ֫יְבָ֥/י Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs In your loving kindness, cut off my enemies, And destroy all those who afflict my soul, For I am your servant.
Proverbs 2 verses
- Proverbs 16:7 א֝וֹיְבָ֗י/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms When a man's ways please Yahweh, He makes even his enemies to be at peace with him.
- Proverbs 24:17 אויבי/ך אֽ֭וֹיִבְ/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms Qal ptcp.act ms cs + sfx pers 2ms Don't rejoice when your enemy falls. Don't let your heart be glad when he is overthrown;
Isaiah 8 verses
- Isaiah 1:24 מֵ/אוֹיְבָֽ/י prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs Therefore the Lord, Yahweh of Hosts, The Mighty One of Israel, says: "Ah, I will get relief from my adversaries, And avenge myself of my enemies;
- Isaiah 9:11 אֹיְבָ֖י/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms Therefore Yahweh will set up on high against him the adversaries of Rezin, and will stir up his enemies,
- Isaiah 42:13 אֹיְבָ֖י/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms Yahweh will go forth as a mighty man; he will stir up [his] zeal like a man of war: he will cry, yes, he will shout aloud; he will do mightily against his enemies.
- Isaiah 59:18 לְ/אֹֽיְבָ֑י/ו prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms According to their deeds, accordingly he will repay, wrath to his adversaries, recompense to his enemies; to the islands he will repay recompense.
- Isaiah 62:8 לְ/אֹ֣יְבַ֔יִ/ךְ prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2fs Yahweh has sworn by his right hand, and by the arm of his strength, Surely I will no more give your grain to be food for your enemies; and foreigners shall not drink your new wine, for which you have labored:
- Isaiah 63:10 לְ/אוֹיֵ֖ב prep + Qal ptcp.act ms But they rebelled, and grieved his holy Spirit: therefore he was turned to be their enemy, [and] himself fought against them.
- Isaiah 66:6 לְ/אֹיְבָֽי/ו prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms A voice of tumult from the city, a voice from the temple, a voice of Yahweh that renders recompense to his enemies.
- Isaiah 66:14 אֹיְבָֽי/ו Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms You shall see [it], and your heart shall rejoice, and your bones shall flourish like the tender grass: and the hand of Yahweh shall be known toward his servants; and he will have indignation against his enemies.
Jeremiah 18 verses
- Jeremiah 6:25 לְ/אֹיֵ֔ב prep + Qal ptcp.act ms Don't go forth into the field, nor walk by the way; for the sword of the enemy, [and] terror, are on every side.
- Jeremiah 12:7 אֹיְבֶֽי/הָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3fs I have forsaken my house, I have cast off my heritage; I have given the dearly beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies.
- Jeremiah 15:9 אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֖ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp She who has borne seven languishes; she has given up the spirit; her sun is gone down while it was yet day; she has been disappointed and confounded: and the residue of them will I deliver to the sword before their enemies, says Yahweh.
- Jeremiah 15:11 הָ/אֹיֵֽב ptcl def.art + Qal ptcp.act ms Yahweh said, Most assuredly I will strengthen you for good; most assuredly I will cause the enemy to make supplication to you in the time of evil and in the time of affliction.
- Jeremiah 15:14 אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms I will make [them] to pass with your enemies into a land which you don't know; for a fire is kindled in my anger, which shall burn on you.
- Jeremiah 17:4 אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms You, even of yourself, shall discontinue from your heritage that I gave you; and I will cause you to serve your enemies in the land which you don't know: for you have kindled a fire in my anger which shall burn forever.
- Jeremiah 18:17 אוֹיֵ֑ב Qal ptcp.act ms I will scatter them as with an east wind before the enemy; I will show them the back, and not the face, in the day of their calamity.
- Jeremiah 19:7 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place; and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their enemies, and by the hand of those who seek their life: and their dead bodies will I give to be food for the birds of the sky, and for the animals of the earth.
- Jeremiah 19:9 אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֖ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp I will cause them to eat the flesh of their sons and the flesh of their daughters; and they shall eat everyone the flesh of his friend, in the siege and in the distress, with which their enemies, and those who seek their life, shall distress them.
- Jeremiah 20:4 אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֖ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp For thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will make you a terror to yourself, and to all your friends; and they shall fall by the sword of their enemies, and your eyes shall see it; and I will give all Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall carry them captive to Babylon, and shall kill them with the sword.
- Jeremiah 20:5 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp Moreover I will give all the riches of this city, and all the gains of it, and all the precious things of it, yes, all the treasures of the kings of Judah will I give into the hand of their enemies; and they shall make them a prey, and take them, and carry them to Babylon.
- Jeremiah 21:7 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp Afterward, says Yahweh, I will deliver Zedekiah king of Judah, and his servants, and the people, even such as are left in this city from the pestilence, from the sword, and from the famine, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those who seek their life: and he shall strike them with the edge of the sword; he shall not spare them, neither have pity, nor have mercy.
- Jeremiah 30:14 אוֹיֵ֤ב Qal ptcp.act ms All your lovers have forgotten you; they don't seek you: for I have wounded you with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of a cruel one, for the greatness of your iniquity, because your sins were increased.
- Jeremiah 31:16 אוֹיֵֽב Qal ptcp.act ms Thus says Yahweh: Refrain your voice from weeping, and your eyes from tears; for your work shall be rewarded, says Yahweh; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy.
- Jeremiah 34:20 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those who seek their life; and their dead bodies shall be for food to the birds of the sky, and to the animals of the earth.
- Jeremiah 34:21 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp Zedekiah king of Judah and his princes will I give into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those who seek their life, and into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, who have gone away from you.
- Jeremiah 44:30 אֹֽיְבָ֔י/ו אֹיְב֖/וֹ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms Qal ptcp.act ms cs + sfx pers 3ms Thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will give Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies, and into the hand of those who seek his life; as I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, who was his enemy, and sought his life.
- Jeremiah 49:37 אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֜ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies, and before those who seek their life; and I will bring evil on them, even my fierce anger, says Yahweh; and I will send the sword after them, until I have consumed them;
Lamentations 15 verses
- Lamentations 1:2 לְ/אֹיְבִֽים prep + Qal ptcp.act mp She weeps sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; Among all her lovers she has none to comfort her: All her friends have dealt treacherously with her; they are become her enemies.
- Lamentations 1:5 אֹיְבֶ֣י/הָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3fs Her adversaries are become the head, her enemies prosper; For Yahweh has afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: Her young children are gone into captivity before the adversary.
- Lamentations 1:9 אוֹיֵֽב Qal ptcp.act ms Her filthiness was in her skirts; she didn't remember her latter end; Therefore is she come down wonderfully; she has no comforter: See, Yahweh, my affliction; for the enemy has magnified himself.
- Lamentations 1:16 אוֹיֵֽב Qal ptcp.act ms For these things I weep; my eye, my eye runs down with water; Because the comforter who should refresh my soul is far from me: My children are desolate, because the enemy has prevailed.
- Lamentations 1:21 אֹ֨יְבַ֜/י Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs They have heard that I sigh; there is none to comfort me; All my enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that you have done it: You will bring the day that you have proclaimed, and they shall be like me.
- Lamentations 2:3 אוֹיֵ֑ב Qal ptcp.act ms He has cut off in fierce anger all the horn of Israel; He has drawn back his right hand from before the enemy: He has burned up Jacob like a flaming fire, which devours round about.
- Lamentations 2:4 כְּ/אוֹיֵ֗ב prep + Qal ptcp.act ms He has bent his bow like an enemy, he has stood with his right hand as an adversary, Has killed all that were pleasant to the eye: In the tent of the daughter of Zion he has poured out his wrath like fire.
- Lamentations 2:5 כְּ/אוֹיֵב֙ prep + Qal ptcp.act ms The Lord is become as an enemy, he has swallowed up Israel; He has swallowed up all her palaces, he has destroyed his strongholds; He has multiplied in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.
- Lamentations 2:7 אוֹיֵ֔ב Qal ptcp.act ms The Lord has cast off his altar, he has abhorred his sanctuary; He has given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces: They have made a noise in the house of Yahweh, as in the day of a solemn assembly.
- Lamentations 2:16 א֣וֹיְבַ֔יִ/ךְ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2fs All your enemies have opened their mouth wide against you; They hiss and gnash the teeth; they say, We have swallowed her up; Certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.
- Lamentations 2:17 אוֹיֵ֔ב Qal ptcp.act ms Yahweh has done that which he purposed; he has fulfilled his word that he commanded in the days of old; He has thrown down, and has not pitied: He has caused the enemy to rejoice over you; he has exalted the horn of your adversaries.
- Lamentations 2:22 אֹיְבִ֥/י Qal ptcp.act ms cs + sfx pers 1cs You have called, as in the day of a solemn assembly, my terrors on every side; There was none that escaped or remained in the day of Yahweh's anger: Those that I have dandled and brought up has my enemy consumed.
- Lamentations 3:46 אֹיְבֵֽי/נוּ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cp All our enemies have opened their mouth wide against us.
- Lamentations 3:52 אֹיְבַ֥/י Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 1cs They have chased me sore like a bird, those who are my enemies without cause.
- Lamentations 4:12 וְ/אוֹיֵ֔ב conj + Qal ptcp.act ms The kings of the earth didn't believe, neither all the inhabitants of the world, That the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem.
Ezekiel 2 verses
- Ezekiel 36:2 הָ/אוֹיֵ֛ב ptcl def.art + Qal ptcp.act ms Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because the enemy has said against you, Aha! and, The ancient high places are ours in possession;
- Ezekiel 39:27 אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֑ם Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3mp when I have brought them back from the peoples, and gathered them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations.
Hosea 1 verse
Amos 1 verse
Micah 6 verses
- Micah 2:8 לְ/אוֹיֵ֣ב prep + Qal ptcp.act ms But lately my people have risen up as an enemy. You strip the robe and clothing from those who pass by without a care, returning from battle.
- Micah 4:10 אֹיְבָֽיִ/ךְ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2fs Be in pain, and labor to bring forth, daughter of Zion, Like a woman in travail; For now you will go forth out of the city, And will dwell in the field, And will come even to Babylon. There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will redeem you from the hand of your enemies.
- Micah 5:9 אֹיְבֶ֖י/ךָ Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2ms Let your hand be lifted up above your adversaries, And let all of your enemies be cut off.
- Micah 7:6 אֹיְבֵ֥י Qal ptcp.act mp cs For the son dishonors the father, The daughter rises up against her mother, The daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law; A man's enemies are the men of his own house.
- Micah 7:8 אֹיַ֨בְתִּ/י֙ Qal ptcp.act fs cs + sfx pers 1cs Don't rejoice against me, my enemy. When I fall, I will arise. When I sit in darkness, Yahweh will be a light to me.
- Micah 7:10 אֹיַ֨בְתִּ/י֙ Qal ptcp.act fs cs + sfx pers 1cs Then my enemy will see it, And shame will cover her who said to me, Where is Yahweh your God? Then my enemy will see me and will cover her shame. Now she will be trodden down like the mire of the streets.
Nahum 4 verses
- Nahum 1:2 לְ/אֹיְבָֽי/ו prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms Yahweh is a jealous God and avenges. Yahweh avenges and is full of wrath. Yahweh takes vengeance on his adversaries, and he maintains wrath against his enemies.
- Nahum 1:8 וְ/אֹיְבָ֖י/ו conj + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 3ms But with an overflowing flood, he will make a full end of her place, and will pursue his enemies into darkness.
- Nahum 3:11 מֵ/אוֹיֵֽב prep + Qal ptcp.act ms You also will be drunken. You will be hidden. You also will seek a stronghold because of the enemy.
- Nahum 3:13 לְ/אֹ֣יְבַ֔יִ/ךְ prep + Qal ptcp.act mp cs + sfx pers 2fs Behold, your troops in your midst are women. The gates of your land are set wide open to your enemies. The fire has devoured your bars.
Zephaniah 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
איב (ʼôyêb) is a Hebrew word most often rendered “enemy.” It first appears in Genesis 22:17. With 275 verses in 28 books, it is a common word in the Hebrew Bible. It concentrates in Psalms, which alone accounts for 27% of its uses. Not a single-sense word: explore its full sense range. The sections below give every sense, occurrence, and version rendering.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H341 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 275
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 275 distinct verses.
- 28 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 28 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #175
- by frequency
- Top 250 most frequent Hebrew words (rank 175 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 275 occurrences in the concordance →
Most concentrated in
- Psalms 73 verses 27%
- Deuteronomy 25 verses 9%
- 1 Samuel 20 verses 7%
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 275 distinct verses.
- Writings (Ketuvim) 119 verses · 43%
- Prophets (Nevi'im) 103 verses · 37%
- Torah (Pentateuch) 53 verses · 19%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Enemies 128×, Enemy 56×, All thine enemies 10×
- American Standard Version: Enemies 115×, Enemy 51×, All thine enemies 9×
- Berean Standard Bible: Enemies 178×, Enemy 63×, Foes 9×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Enemies 170×, Enemy 69×, Enemies of 11×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H341 across 281 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 56 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 1 further occurrence.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H341 across 281 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 62 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H341 across 279 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 17 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 3 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H341 across 284 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 13 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Senses in the full BDB
What do BDB’s symbols mean?
BDB uses these scholarly abbreviations:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 𝔊 | the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation, LXX) |
| 𝔙 | the Vulgate (the Latin translation) |
| 𝔖 | the Syriac version (the Peshitta) |
| 𝔗 | the Targum (the Aramaic translation) |
| ψ | the Psalms |
| √ | root (the underlying root or stem) |
| ‖ | parallel passage (a synonymous or contrasted parallel) |
| † | the dagger: every passage where the word occurs is cited |
The 1 sense the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency), with BDB’s own verbatim wording and sub-sense lettering. Shown in Hebrew script with BDB’s own scholarly abbreviations. The condensed entry is in the Lexicon Entry tab. See also the Forms in the corpus table below.
Qal
- Pf. †וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י Ex 23:22; Pt. אוֹיֵב (אֹיֵב) Ex 15:6 +; sf. (אוֹיְבִי) אֹיְבִי 2 S 22:18 = ψ 18:18 +; f. sf. אֹיַבְתִּי Mi 7:8, 10; אֹיִבְךָ Ex 23:4 +, etc.; pl. אוֹיְבִים ψ 68:24; 127:5; אֹיְבִים ψ 139:22, etc.;—be hostile to, treat as enemy Ex 23:22 (E, Cov’t code) וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּ֫י אֶת־צֹרְרֶיךָ (subj. י׳); elsewhere Pt. 1 S 18:29 וַיְהִי שָׁאוּל אֹיֵב אֶת־דָּוִד; usually as subst. & mostly sf.; enemy, of personal foe Ex 23:4 (E ‖ שֹׂנֵא v 5) Nu 35:23 (P) 1 S 19:17 (cf. 18:29) 24:5, 20 2 S 4:8 1 K 21:20 Jb 27:7 ψ 54:9; 55:13 (‖ מְשַׂנֵּא; opp. אַלּוּף, מְיֻדָּע v 14) Mi 2:8 Pr 16:7; 24:17 +; in sim. Je 30:14 (מַכַּת אוֹיֵב); of public national enemy, sg. Ju 16:23, 24; coll. Ex 15:6, 9 Dt 33:27 Na 3:11 2 Ch 6:24 +; personif. Mi 7:8, 10; more oft. pl. Ex 23:22 (E) Lv 26:7f (H) Nu 10:9 (P) Dt 1:42; 6:19 Je 15:9; 34:20, 21 +; of enemies of God, as protector of his people Nu 10:35 (J) Ju 5:31 1 S 30:26 2 S 18:19 ψ 66:3; 68:1, 22 Na 1:2, 8 Is 66:6 +; as morally supreme Jb 13:24; 33:10 ψ 37:20; 92:10(×2) +; of God as enemy of rebellious people Is 63:10, in sim. La 2:4, 5. e.g. Exodus 23:22
Senses from the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon (Brown, Driver, Briggs; Oxford 1906 — public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). Full attribution on Sources.
Word origin
vb. be hostile to (Ass. aibu (v. DlW), enemy = אֹיֵב)—
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Derived from איב (ʼâyab) (H340) — to be hostile.
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
אֵיב
- v. אֵב
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Forms in the corpus
The 178 distinct written forms H341 takes in the Hebrew Bible, most frequent first — each parse links to that stem’s occurrences in the concordance. Hebrew forms include their vowel points and cantillation, so a single lemma takes many written forms.
| Form | Parsing | Example | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| אוֹיֵֽב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Deuteronomy 32:42 | 10 |
| אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֔ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Jeremiah 19:7 | 7 |
| אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֖ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Kings 8:48 | 6 |
| אֹיְבֶ֑י/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 21:10 | 6 |
| אֹיְבַ֣/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 3:7 | 6 |
| אֹיְבָֽי/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Genesis 22:17 | 6 |
| אֹיְבֵי/כֶ֑ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 20:3 | 5 |
| אֹיְבֵי/כֶֽם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 1:42 | 5 |
| אֹיְבָ֖י/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Samuel 14:30 | 5 |
| אוֹיֵ֑ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | 1 Kings 8:46 | 5 |
| אוֹיֵ֖ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Deuteronomy 33:27 | 5 |
| אֹיְבֶ֨י/ךָ֙ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 23:14 | 4 |
| א֝וֹיֵ֗ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Psalms 8:2 | 3 |
| אֹ֣יְבֵי/הֶ֔ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Esther 9:5 | 3 |
| אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Exodus 23:22 | 3 |
| אֹיְבִ֣/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct | Psalms 13:2 | 3 |
| אֹיְבֵ֥י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Samuel 20:16 | 3 |
| אֹיְבֵי/כֶ֛ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 12:10 | 3 |
| אֹיְבֶ֔י/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 20:14 | 3 |
| אֹיְבֶ֖י/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 6:19 | 3 |
| אוֹיֵ֔ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | 2 Chronicles 25:8 | 3 |
| אוֹיֵ֣ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Numbers 35:23 | 3 |
| לְ/אוֹיֵ֣ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Job 13:24 | 3 |
| אֹ֣יְב֔/וֹ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct | 1 Kings 8:44 | 2 |
| אֹֽיְבֵי/הֶ֑ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Ezekiel 39:27 | 2 |
| אֹֽיְבֵי/כֶ֔ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Joshua 10:19 | 2 |
| אֹֽיְבָ֔י/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Jeremiah 44:30 | 2 |
| אֹיְב֖/וֹ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct | 1 Kings 8:37 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֵ֣י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Samuel 20:15 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֵֽי/נוּ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Samuel 4:3 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֵי/הֶ֑ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Leviticus 26:36 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֵי/הֶֽם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 2 Kings 21:14 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֵי/כֶ֖ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 20:4 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֶ֗י/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Deuteronomy 20:1 | 2 |
| אֹיְבֶֽי/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 66:3 | 2 |
| אֹיְבַ֥/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Lamentations 3:52 | 2 |
| אֹיִבְ/ךָ֖ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct | Deuteronomy 28:55 | 2 |
| אֹיַ֨בְתִּ/י֙ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Feminine, Singular, Construct | Micah 7:8 | 2 |
| אוֹיְבֵ֥י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 2 Chronicles 20:29 | 2 |
| אוֹיְבֵֽי/נוּ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Judges 16:23 | 2 |
| אוֹיְבַ֣/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 56:9 | 2 |
| אוֹיְבַ֥/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 9:3 | 2 |
| אוֹיְבָ֖י/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Chronicles 22:9 | 2 |
| אוֹיֵ֛ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Exodus 15:9 | 2 |
| אוֹיֵ֨ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Psalms 7:5 | 2 |
| וְ/אוֹיֵ֔ב | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute | Esther 7:6 | 2 |
| לְ/אֹ֣יְבַ֔יִ/ךְ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Isaiah 62:8 | 2 |
| לְ/אֹיְבָֽי/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Isaiah 66:6 | 2 |
| מֵ/אֹיְבַ֥/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 59:1 | 2 |
| א֝וֹיְבֵי/הֶ֗ם | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 78:53 | 1 |
| א֝וֹיְבַ֗/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 31:15 | 1 |
| א֝וֹיְבָ֗י/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Proverbs 16:7 | 1 |
| א֣וֹיְבֵ֔/נוּ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Construct | Judges 16:24 | 1 |
| א֣וֹיְבֵ֔י/נוּ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Nehemiah 6:16 | 1 |
| א֣וֹיְבַ֔/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 1 Samuel 2:1 | 1 |
| א֣וֹיְבַ֔יִ/ךְ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Lamentations 2:16 | 1 |
| א֣וֹיְבָ֔י/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | 2 Chronicles 6:34 | 1 |
| א֭וֹיְבֶי/ךָ | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 83:2 | 1 |
| א֭וֹיְבַ/י | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 18:37 | 1 |
| א֭וֹיְבָי/ו | Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Plural, Construct | Psalms 132:18 | 1 |
The 60 most common forms are shown; 118 rarer forms follow in the full concordance.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H341, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derives from
Shares the same root
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → 1 of the same-root words is a proper name (a person or place). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 243 verses that also exist in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 275 Hebrew verses it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
- Genesis 22:17
- Exodus 15:6
- Leviticus 26:7
- Numbers 10:9
- Deuteronomy 1:42
- Joshua 7:8
- Judges 2:14
- 1 Samuel 2:1
- 2 Samuel 3:18
- 1 Kings 3:11
- 2 Kings 17:39
- 1 Chronicles 14:11
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
