גִּלְעָד
Gilead
BDB lists 7 entries for ‘Gilead’ fuller range ↓
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Noun
- A naming word — a person, place, thing, or idea.
Noun type
- Proper
- A name of a specific person, place, or people (e.g. Abraham, Zion, Israel).
Every verse where H1568 appears — 123 distinct verses across 20 books. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Genesis 4 verses
- Genesis 31:21 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper So he fled with all that he had. He rose up, passed over the River, and set his face toward the mountain of Gilead.
- Genesis 31:23 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper He took his relatives with him, and pursued after him seven days' journey. He overtook him in the mountain of Gilead.
- Genesis 31:25 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Laban caught up with Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mountain, and Laban with his relatives encamped in the mountain of Gilead.
- Genesis 37:25 מִ/גִּלְעָ֑ד prep + n Proper They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.
Numbers 9 verses
- Numbers 26:29 גִּלְעָ֑ד לְ/גִלְעָ֕ד n Proper prep + n Proper The sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the Machirites; and Machir became the father of Gilead; of Gilead, the family of the Gileadites.
- Numbers 26:30 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper These are the sons of Gilead: [of] Iezer, the family of the Iezerites; of Helek, the family of the Helekites;
- Numbers 27:1 גִּלְעָד֙ n Proper Then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of Joseph; and these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah.
- Numbers 32:1 גִּלְעָ֔ד n Proper Now the children of Reuben and the children of Gad had a very great multitude of cattle: and when they saw the land of Jazer, and the land of Gilead, that behold, the place was a place for cattle;
- Numbers 32:26 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our cattle, shall be there in the cities of Gilead;
- Numbers 32:29 הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Moses said to them, If the children of Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over the Jordan, every man who is armed to battle, before Yahweh, and the land shall be subdued before you; then you shall give them the land of Gilead for a possession:
- Numbers 32:39 גִּלְעָ֖דָ/ה n Proper + sfx dem The children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed the Amorites who were therein.
- Numbers 32:40 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Moses gave Gilead to Machir the son of Manasseh; and he lived therein.
- Numbers 36:1 גִלְעָד֙ n Proper The heads of the fathers' [houses] of the family of the children of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of Joseph, came near, and spoke before Moses, and before the princes, the heads of the fathers' [houses] of the children of Israel:
Deuteronomy 8 verses
- Deuteronomy 2:36 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper From Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and [from] the city that is in the valley, even to Gilead, there was not a city too high for us; Yahweh our God delivered up all before us:
- Deuteronomy 3:10 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper all the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, to Salecah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan.
- Deuteronomy 3:12 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper This land we took in possession at that time: from Aroer, which is by the valley of the Arnon, and half the hill-country of Gilead, and the cities of it, gave I to the Reubenites and to the Gadites:
- Deuteronomy 3:13 הַ/גִּלְעָ֤ד ptcl def.art + n Proper and the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, the kingdom of Og, gave I to the half-tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, even all Bashan. (The same is called the land of Rephaim.
- Deuteronomy 3:15 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper I gave Gilead to Machir.
- Deuteronomy 3:16 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper To the Reubenites and to the Gadites I gave from Gilead even to the valley of the Arnon, the middle of the valley, and the border [of it], even to the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;
- Deuteronomy 4:43 בַּ/גִּלְעָד֙ prep det + n Proper [namely], Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, for the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, for the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, for the Manassites.
- Deuteronomy 34:1 הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. Yahweh shown him all the land of Gilead, to Dan,
Joshua 15 verses
- Joshua 12:2 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and [the city that is in] the middle of the valley, and half Gilead, even to the river Jabbok, the border of the children of Ammon;
- Joshua 12:5 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper and ruled in Mount Hermon, and in Salecah, and in all Bashan, to the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
- Joshua 13:11 וְ/הַ/גִּלְעָ֞ד conj + ptcl def.art + n Proper and Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and all Mount Hermon, and all Bashan to Salecah;
- Joshua 13:25 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Their border was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the children of Ammon, to Aroer that is before Rabbah;
- Joshua 13:31 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper and half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, the cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the children of Machir the son of Manasseh, even for the half of the children of Machir according to their families.
- Joshua 17:1 הַ/גִּלְעָ֗ד הַ/גִּלְעָ֥ד ptcl def.art + n Proper ptcl def.art + n Proper [This] was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the firstborn of Joseph. As for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
- Joshua 17:3 גִּלְעָ֜ד n Proper But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, had no sons, but daughters: and these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.
- Joshua 17:5 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper There fell ten parts to Manasseh, besides the land of Gilead and Bashan, which is beyond the Jordan;
- Joshua 17:6 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper because the daughters of Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons. The land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.
- Joshua 20:8 בַּ/גִּלְעָד֙ prep det + n Proper Beyond the Jordan at Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness in the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.
- Joshua 21:38 בַּ/גִּלְעָ֖ד prep det + n Proper Out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with its suburbs, the city of refuge for the manslayer, and Mahanaim with its suburbs,
- Joshua 22:9 הַ/גִּלְעָ֗ד ptcl def.art + n Proper The children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, to the land of their possession, which they owned, according to the commandment of Yahweh by Moses.
- Joshua 22:13 הַ/גִּלְעָ֑ד ptcl def.art + n Proper The children of Israel sent to the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, into the land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest,
- Joshua 22:15 הַ/גִּלְעָ֑ד ptcl def.art + n Proper They came to the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, to the land of Gilead, and they spoke with them, saying,
- Joshua 22:32 הַ/גִּלְעָ֛ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, to the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again.
Judges 24 verses
- Judges 5:17 גִּלְעָ֗ד n Proper Gilead abode beyond the Jordan: Dan, why did he remain in ships? Asher sat still at the haven of the sea, Abode by his creeks.
- Judges 7:3 הַ/גִּלְעָ֑ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Now therefore proclaim in the ears of the people, saying, Whoever is fearful and trembling, let him return and depart from Mount Gilead. There returned of the people twenty-two thousand; and there remained ten thousand.
- Judges 10:4 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper He had thirty sons who rode on thirty donkey colts, and they had thirty cities, which are called Havvoth Jair to this day, which are in the land of Gilead.
- Judges 10:8 בַּ/גִּלְעָֽד prep det + n Proper They vexed and oppressed the children of Israel that year: eighteen years [oppressed they] all the children of Israel that were beyond the Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which is in Gilead.
- Judges 10:17 בַּ/גִּלְעָ֑ד prep det + n Proper Then the children of Ammon were gathered together, and encamped in Gilead. The children of Israel assembled themselves together, and encamped in Mizpah.
- Judges 10:18 גִלְעָד֙ גִלְעָֽד n Proper n Proper The people, the princes of Gilead, said one to another, What man is he who will begin to fight against the children of Ammon? he shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.
- Judges 11:1 גִּלְעָ֖ד n Proper Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valor, and he was the son of a prostitute: and Gilead became the father of Jephthah.
- Judges 11:2 גִּלְעָ֛ד n Proper Gilead's wife bore him sons; and when his wife's sons grew up, they drove out Jephthah, and said to him, You shall not inherit in our father's house; for you are the son of another woman.
- Judges 11:5 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper It was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah out of the land of Tob;
- Judges 11:7 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, Didn't you hate me, and drive me out of my father's house? and why are you come to me now when you are in distress?
- Judges 11:8 גִלְעָ֜ד גִלְעָֽד n Proper n Proper The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, Therefore are we turned again to you now, that you may go with us, and fight with the children of Ammon; and you shall be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.
- Judges 11:9 גִלְעָ֗ד n Proper Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, If you bring me home again to fight with the children of Ammon, and Yahweh deliver them before me, shall I be your head?
- Judges 11:10 גִלְעָ֖ד n Proper The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, Yahweh shall be witness between us; surely according to your word so will we do.
- Judges 11:11 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and chief over them: and Jephthah spoke all his words before Yahweh in Mizpah.
- Judges 11:29 הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד גִלְעָ֔ד גִלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper n Proper n Proper Then the Spirit of Yahweh came on Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over to the children of Ammon.
- Judges 12:4 גִלְעָ֔ד גִלְעָ֜ד גִּלְעָ֕ד n Proper n Proper n Proper Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim; and the men of Gilead struck Ephraim, because they said, You are fugitives of Ephraim, you Gileadites, in the midst of Ephraim, [and] in the midst of Manasseh.
- Judges 12:5 גִּלְעָ֛ד גִלְעָ֛ד n Proper n Proper The Gileadites took the fords of the Jordan against the Ephraimites. It was so, that when [any of] the fugitives of Ephraim said, Let me go over, the men of Gilead said to him, Are you an Ephraimite? If he said, No;
- Judges 12:7 גִלְעָֽד n Proper Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died Jephthah the Gileadite, and was buried in [one of] the cities of Gilead.
- Judges 20:1 הַ/גִּלְעָ֑ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was assembled as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, to Yahweh at Mizpah.
- Judges 21:8 גִּלְעָ֖ד n Proper They said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel who didn't come up to Yahweh to Mizpah? Behold, there came none to the camp from Jabesh Gilead to the assembly.
- Judges 21:9 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper For when the people were numbered, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead there.
- Judges 21:10 גִּלְעָד֙ n Proper The congregation sent there twelve thousand men of the most valiant, and commanded them, saying, Go and strike the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the little ones.
- Judges 21:12 גִּלְעָ֗ד n Proper They found among the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead four hundred young virgins, who had not known man by lying with him; and they brought them to the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.
- Judges 21:14 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Benjamin returned at that time; and they gave them the women whom they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh Gilead: and yet so they weren't enough for them.
1 Samuel 4 verses
- 1 Samuel 11:1 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabesh Gilead: and all the men of Jabesh said to Nahash, Make a covenant with us, and we will serve you.
- 1 Samuel 11:9 גִּלְעָ֔ד n Proper They said to the messengers who came, Thus shall you tell the men of Jabesh Gilead, Tomorrow, by the time the sun is hot, you shall have deliverance. The messengers came and told the men of Jabesh; and they were glad.
- 1 Samuel 13:7 וְ/גִלְעָ֑ד conj + n Proper Now some of the Hebrews had gone over the Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead; but as for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.
- 1 Samuel 31:11 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper When the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead heard concerning him that which the Philistines had done to Saul,
2 Samuel 6 verses
- 2 Samuel 2:4 גִּלְעָ֔ד n Proper The men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. They told David, saying, The men of Jabesh Gilead were those who buried Saul.
- 2 Samuel 2:5 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper David sent messengers to the men of Jabesh Gilead, and said to them, Blessed be you of Yahweh, that you have shown this kindness to your lord, even to Saul, and have buried him.
- 2 Samuel 2:9 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper and he made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.
- 2 Samuel 17:26 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Israel and Absalom encamped in the land of Gilead.
- 2 Samuel 21:12 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh Gilead, who had stolen them from the street of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hanged them, in the day that the Philistines killed Saul in Gilboa;
- 2 Samuel 24:6 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔דָ/ה ptcl def.art + n Proper + sfx dem then they came to Gilead, and to the land of Tahtim Hodshi; and they came to Dan Jaan, and round about to Sidon,
1 Kings 10 verses
- 1 Kings 4:13 גִּלְעָ֑ד בַּ/גִּלְעָ֗ד n Proper prep det + n Proper Ben Geber, in Ramoth-gilead (to him [pertained] the towns of Jair the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead; [even] to him [pertained] the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, sixty great cities with walls and brazen bars);
- 1 Kings 4:19 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Geber the son of Uri, in the land of Gilead, the country of Sihon king of the Amorites and of Og king of Bashan; and [he was] the only officer who was in the land.
- 1 Kings 17:1 גִלְעָד֮ n Proper Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the foreigners of Gilead, said to Ahab, As Yahweh, the God of Israel, lives, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word.
- 1 Kings 22:3 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper The king of Israel said to his servants, "You know that Ramoth-gilead is ours, and we are still, and don't take it out of the hand of the king of Syria?"
- 1 Kings 22:4 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper He said to Jehoshaphat, Will you go with me to battle to Ramoth-gilead? Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, I am as you are, my people as your people, my horses as your horses.
- 1 Kings 22:6 גִּלְעָ֛ד n Proper Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said to them, Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear? They said, Go up; for the Lord will deliver it into the hand of the king.
- 1 Kings 22:12 גִּלְעָד֙ n Proper All the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramoth-gilead, and prosper; for Yahweh will deliver it into the hand of the king.
- 1 Kings 22:15 גִּלְעָ֛ד n Proper When he was come to the king, the king said to him, Micaiah, shall we go to Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall we forbear? He answered him, Go up and prosper; and Yahweh will deliver it into the hand of the king.
- 1 Kings 22:20 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Yahweh said, Who shall entice Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? One said on this manner; and another said on that manner.
- 1 Kings 22:29 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramoth-gilead.
2 Kings 6 verses
- 2 Kings 8:28 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper He went with Joram the son of Ahab to war against Hazael king of Syria at Ramoth-gilead: and the Syrians wounded Joram.
- 2 Kings 9:1 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper Elisha the prophet called one of the sons of the prophets, and said to him, Gird up your loins, and take this vial of oil in your hand, and go to Ramoth-gilead.
- 2 Kings 9:4 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper So the young man, even the young man the prophet, went to Ramoth-gilead.
- 2 Kings 9:14 גִּלְעָ֗ד n Proper So Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi conspired against Joram. (Now Joram was keeping Ramoth-gilead, he and all Israel, because of Hazael king of Syria;
- 2 Kings 10:33 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד וְ/הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד ptcl def.art + n Proper conj + ptcl def.art + n Proper from the Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, and the Reubenites, and the Manassites, from Aroer, which is by the valley of the Arnon, even Gilead and Bashan.
- 2 Kings 15:29 הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ ptcl def.art + n Proper In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath Pileser king of Assyria, and took Ijon, and Abel Beth Maacah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali; and he carried them captive to Assyria.
1 Chronicles 13 verses
- 1 Chronicles 2:21 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper Afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead, whom he took [as wife] when he was sixty years old; and she bore him Segub.
- 1 Chronicles 2:22 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Segub became the father of Jair, who had twenty-three cities in the land of Gilead.
- 1 Chronicles 2:23 גִלְעָֽד n Proper Geshur and Aram took the towns of Jair from them, with Kenath, and the villages of it, even sixty cities. All these were the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.
- 1 Chronicles 5:9 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper and eastward he lived even to the entrance of the wilderness from the river Euphrates, because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead.
- 1 Chronicles 5:10 לַ/גִּלְעָֽד prep det + n Proper In the days of Saul, they made war with the Hagrites, who fell by their hand; and they lived in their tents throughout all the [land] east of Gilead.
- 1 Chronicles 5:14 גִּלְעָ֧ד n Proper These were the sons of Abihail, the son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai, the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz;
- 1 Chronicles 5:16 בַּ/גִּלְעָ֥ד prep det + n Proper They lived in Gilead in Bashan, and in its towns, and in all the suburbs of Sharon, as far as their borders.
- 1 Chronicles 6:80 בַּ/גִּלְעָ֖ד prep det + n Proper and out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with its suburbs, and Mahanaim with its suburbs,
- 1 Chronicles 7:14 גִלְעָֽד n Proper The sons of Manasseh: Asriel, whom his concubine the Aramitess bore: she bore Machir the father of Gilead:
- 1 Chronicles 7:17 גִלְעָ֔ד n Proper The sons of Ulam: Bedan. These were the sons of Gilead the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.
- 1 Chronicles 10:11 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper When all Jabesh Gilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul,
- 1 Chronicles 26:31 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper Of the Hebronites was Jerijah the chief, even of the Hebronites, according to their generations by fathers' [houses]. In the fortieth year of the reign of David they were sought for, and there were found among them mighty men of valor at Jazer of Gilead.
- 1 Chronicles 27:21 גִּלְעָ֔דָ/ה n Proper + sfx dem of the half-tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son of Zechariah: of Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner:
2 Chronicles 8 verses
- 2 Chronicles 18:2 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper After certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. Ahab killed sheep and oxen for him in abundance, and for the people who were with him, and moved him to go up [with him] to Ramoth-gilead.
- 2 Chronicles 18:3 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Ahab king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat king of Judah, Will you go with me to Ramoth-gilead? He answered him, I am as you are, and my people as your people; and [we will be] with you in the war.
- 2 Chronicles 18:5 גִּלְעָ֛ד n Proper Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, four hundred men, and said to them, Shall we go to Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear? They said, Go up; for God will deliver it into the hand of the king.
- 2 Chronicles 18:11 גִּלְעָד֙ n Proper All the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramoth-gilead, and prosper; for Yahweh will deliver it into the hand of the king.
- 2 Chronicles 18:14 גִּלְעָ֛ד n Proper When he was come to the king, the king said to him, Micaiah, shall we go to Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear? He said, Go up, and prosper; and they shall be delivered into your hand.
- 2 Chronicles 18:19 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper Yahweh said, Who shall entice Ahab king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? One spoke saying after this manner, and another saying after that manner.
- 2 Chronicles 18:28 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramoth-gilead.
- 2 Chronicles 22:5 גִּלְעָ֑ד n Proper He walked also after their counsel, and went with Jehoram the son of Ahab king of Israel to war against Hazael king of Syria at Ramoth-gilead: and the Syrians wounded Joram.
Psalms 2 verses
Song of Solomon 2 verses
- Song of Solomon 4:1 גִּלְעָֽד n Proper Behold, you are beautiful, my love. Behold, you are beautiful. Your eyes are doves behind your veil. Your hair is as a flock of goats, That descend from Mount Gilead.
- Song of Solomon 6:5 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Turn away your eyes from me, For they have overcome me. Your hair is like a flock of goats, That lie along the side of Gilead.
Jeremiah 4 verses
- Jeremiah 8:22 בְּ/גִלְעָ֔ד prep + n Proper Is there no balm in Gilead? is there no physician there? why then isn't the health of the daughter of my people recovered?
- Jeremiah 22:6 גִּלְעָ֥ד n Proper For thus says Yahweh concerning the house of the king of Judah: You are Gilead to me, [and] the head of Lebanon; [yet] surely I will make you a wilderness, [and] cities which are not inhabited.
- Jeremiah 46:11 גִלְעָד֙ n Proper Go up into Gilead, and take balm, virgin daughter of Egypt: in vain do you use many medicines; there is no healing for you.
- Jeremiah 50:19 וְ/הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד conj + ptcl def.art + n Proper I will bring Israel again to his pasture, and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied on the hills of Ephraim and in Gilead.
Ezekiel 1 verse
Hosea 2 verses
Amos 2 verses
- Amos 1:3 הַ/גִּלְעָֽד ptcl def.art + n Proper Thus says Yahweh: "For three transgressions of Damascus, yes, for four, I will not turn away its punishment; Because they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron;
- Amos 1:13 הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד ptcl def.art + n Proper Thus says Yahweh: "For three transgressions of the children of Ammon, yes, for four, I will not turn away its punishment; Because they have ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead, That they may enlarge their border.
Obadiah 1 verse
Micah 1 verse
Zechariah 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
“Gilead” is the headline sense of the Hebrew name גלעד (Gilʻâd). First canonically at Genesis 31:21, it enters the text early. It appears 123 verses across 20 books of the Hebrew Bible, among its common vocabulary. The sections below give every occurrence and version rendering.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H1568 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 123
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 123 distinct verses.
- 20 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 20 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #332
- by frequency
- Top 500 most frequent Hebrew words (rank 332 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 123 occurrences in the concordance →
Most concentrated in
- Judges 24 verses 20%
- Joshua 15 verses 12%
- 1 Chronicles 13 verses 11%
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 123 distinct verses.
- Prophets (Nevi'im) 77 verses · 63%
- Writings (Ketuvim) 25 verses · 20%
- Torah (Pentateuch) 21 verses · 17%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Gilead 92×
- American Standard Version: Gilead 90×
- Berean Standard Bible: Gilead 90×, Gileadites 4×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Gilead 118×, Jabesh gilead 6×, Ramoth gilead 4×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H1568 across 104 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 12 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 30 further occurrences.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H1568 across 104 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 14 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H1568 across 99 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 5 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 35 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H1568 across 131 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 3 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
20 senses and sub-senses in the full BDB
What do BDB’s symbols mean?
BDB uses these scholarly abbreviations:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 𝔊 | the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation, LXX) |
| 𝔙 | the Vulgate (the Latin translation) |
| 𝔖 | the Syriac version (the Peshitta) |
| 𝔗 | the Targum (the Aramaic translation) |
| ψ | the Psalms |
| √ | root (the underlying root or stem) |
| ‖ | parallel passage (a synonymous or contrasted parallel) |
| † | the dagger: every passage where the word occurs is cited |
The 20 senses and sub-senses the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency), with BDB’s own verbatim wording and sub-sense lettering. Shown in Hebrew script with BDB’s own scholarly abbreviations. The condensed entry is in the Lexicon Entry tab. See also the Forms in the corpus table below.
- 1. territory S. of Jabboḳ,
- a. אֶרֶץ הַגּ׳ Nu 32:29 (P), אֶרֶץ ג׳ v1 (JE), both connected with Reuben and Gad; so חֲצִי הַר הַגּ׳ Dt 3:12; אֶרֶץ ג׳ also 1 Ch 5:9 (of Reuben); 1 K 4:19 (of Sihon and Og); cf. אֶרֶץ גַּד וְג׳ 1 S 13:7; further, e.g. Numbers 32:29
- b. הַגּ׳ alone, Ju 10:17 (or possibly here name of city?), 11:29 (prob.); also 1 Ch 5:10 (of Reuben) v 16 (of Gad); cf. חֲצִי הַגּ׳ וְעַד יַבֹּק Jos 12:2 (of Sihon), so v 5 (both D); e.g. Judges 10:17
- c. similarly ג׳ alone (without art.) in poet. ψ 60:9 (‖ Manasseh) = 108:9; but also in prose in phrases שָׂרֵי ג׳ Ju 10:18, ישְׁבֵי ג׳ v 18 11:8, זִקְנֵי ג׳ Ju 11:5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, אַנְשֵׁי ג׳ Ju 12:4(×2), 5; cf. also e.g. Psalms 60:9
- d. עָרֵי הַגּ׳ Nu 32:26 (JE; of Reuben and Gad); so of Jephthah’s burial-place Ju 12:7; even כָּל־עָרֵי הַגּ׳ Jos 13:25 (P; of Gad); besides these, of particular cities, especially רָאמֹת בַּגּ׳ Dt 4:43 (of Gad); cf. רָאמוֹת בַּגּ׳ Jos 20:8 (P), 1 Ch 6:65 (of Gad), and רָמֹת בַּגּ׳ Jos 21:38 (P); usually רָמֹת ג׳ 1 K 4:13; 22:3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 20, 29 = 2 Ch 18:2, 3, 5, 11, 14, 19, 28; 2 K 8:28; 9:1, 4, 14 2 Ch 22:5; also מִצְפֵּה ג׳ Ju 11:29(×2); further יַעְזֵיר ג׳ 1 Ch 26:31. e.g. Numbers 32:26
- 2. Northern Gilead,
- a. אֶרֶץ הַגּ׳ Jos 17:5, 6 (JE; of Manasseh) cf. Ju 10:4 1 Ch 2:22 (both of Jair); הַר הַגּ׳ Gn 31:21, 23, 25 (E); prob. also הַר ג׳ (no art.) Ct 4:1 (cf. 6:5 infr.). e.g. Joshua 17:5
- b. הַגּ׳ alone Nu 32:40 (JE; of Machir) Jos 17:1 (JE; id.) cf. 13:11 (D) Dt 2:36 1 K 4:13 (of Jair); Dt 3:15, 16 (boundary of Reuben and Gad); prob. also Ct 6:5 (cf. 4:1 supr.); cf. יֶתֶר הַגּ׳ Dt 3:13; & חֲצִי הַגּ׳ Jos 13:31 (P; of Machir); הַגִּלְעָ֫דָה 2 S 24:6 (prob.); cf. also e.g. Numbers 32:40
- c. ג׳ (no art.) prob. Je 8:22; 46:11 (in both ref. to צֳרִי balm, prob. from the wooded Northern Gilead); similarly 22:6; and גִּלְעָ֫דָה 1 Ch 27:21, also Nu 32:39 (JE; of Machir). e.g. Jeremiah 8:22
- d. in combination יָבֵשׁ ג׳ (city) Ju 21:8, 9, 10, 12, 14 1 S 11:1, 9 (‖ יָבֵשׁ alone) 31:11 (‖ id.) = 1 Ch 10:11 2 S 2:4, 5; 21:12; perhaps also (מִ)תִּשְׁבֵּה ג׳ 1 K 17:1 (emend., after 𝔊, Ew Th al. see VB);—cf. further sub 6. n.pr.m. infr.—Ju 7:3 וְיִצְפֹּר מֵהַר הַגּ׳ and let him depart from Mt. Gilead, appar. belongs here, but מֵהַר הַגִּלְבֹּעַ is read by Cler Hi Gr Ke Be; against this cf. Stu BuRS 112. e.g. Judges 21:8
- 3. more generally, of all Gilead,
- a. אֶרֶץ הַגּ׳ Jos 22:9, 13, 15, 32 (P; of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh; opp. land of Canaan); cf. 2 S 17:26; so כָּל־אֶרֶץ הַגּ׳ 2 K 10:33. e.g. Joshua 22:9
- b. אֶרֶץ ג׳ (no art.) Zc 10:10; cf. הַר אֶפְרַיִם וְג׳ Je 50:19 (‖ Carmel and Bashan); ג׳ alone, also Gn 37:25; likewise Mi 7:14 (‖ Carmel & Bashan, reference to fertility). e.g. Zechariah 10:10
- c. הַגּ׳ alone, of Isr. territ. in gen. E. of Jordan, Ju 10:8; cf. 2 S 2:9 2 K 10:33 (of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh); כָּל־הַגּ׳ Dt 3:10; אֶת־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ אֶת־הַגּ׳ Dt 34:1; הַגּ׳ also in general sense Ez 47:18 2 K 15:29(?) Ob 19. e.g. Judges 10:8
- 4. ג׳, name of a city Ho 6:8 (& Ju 10:17? cf. 1 a. supr.);—on the ruined cities Jilʿâd, Jilʿaud on the Jebel Jilʿâd, N. of Es-Salṭ, and S. of Jabboḳ v. Di Gn 31:54 & reff. e.g. Hosea 6:8
- 5. אֶרֶץ הַגּ׳ of Israelites living E. of Jordan (as a whole) Ju 20:1; הַגּ׳ of people of Gilead Am 1:3, 13; so ג׳ Ju 5:17 (= גַּד), 12:4, 5 (‖ אַנְשֵׁי ג׳ v 4(×2), 5) Ho 12:12. Cf. also גִּלְעָדִי infr. e.g. Judges 20:1
- 6. treated as n.pr.m.
- a. ג׳, son of Machir & grandson of Manasseh Nu 26:29(×2), 30; 27:1; 36:1 Jos 17:3 (all P) 1 Ch 2:21, 23; 7:14, 17; once הַגּ׳ Jos 17:1 (JE) cf. Di;—ref. in all these to Northern Gilead. e.g. Numbers 26:29
- b. father of Jephthah Ju 11:1, 2;—ref. to Gad (cf. supr. especially sub 5). e.g. Judges 11:1
- c. 1 Ch 5:14 (a Gadite). e.g. 1 Chronicles 5:14
Senses from the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon (Brown, Driver, Briggs; Oxford 1906 — public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). Full attribution on Sources.
Word origin
n.pr.loc. of mountain-range or hill-country, land & city, E. of Jordan (cf. Arabic جَلْعَدٌ durus, fortis Frey, so Thes; HiGesch. Isr. 26 comp. same √ used of camel (جَلْعَادٌ camelus robustus ac firmus, cf. HomNS 144), whence camel hump, orig. name of mt)—ג׳ Gn 37:25 + 79 times (mostly as n.pr.m. and in combin. with other n.pr.loc. cf. infr.); הַגּ׳ Gn 31:21 + 50 times (so usually as name of mt. and land); גִּלְעָ֫דָה Nu 32:39 1 Ch 27:21; הִגְּלְעָ֫דָה 2 S 24:6;—Gilead, used of territory between the Arnon and the Jabboḳ, mod. Belḳa; also of that between the Jabboḳ and the Jarmuk, mod. Jebel Ajlûn; also of the entire E.-Jordan land occupied by Israel, including both the parts just named (cf. Di Gn 31:54 Stu Ju 10:4; BdPal. 178; also L. OliphantLand of Gilead, 1880);—
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Derived from גלעד (Galʻêd) (H1567) — Galeed.
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
גִּלְעָד
- , v. גָּלַשׁ
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Forms in the corpus
The 48 distinct written forms H1568 takes in the Hebrew Bible, most frequent first — each parse links to that state’s occurrences in the concordance. Hebrew forms include their vowel points and cantillation, so a single lemma takes many written forms.
| Form | Parsing | Example | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| גִּלְעָ֑ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 10:11 | 16 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָֽד | Noun, Proper | Amos 1:3 | 11 |
| גִלְעָ֔ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 2:21 | 9 |
| גִּלְעָֽד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 5:9 | 9 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֔ד | Noun, Proper | Amos 1:13 | 9 |
| גִּלְעָ֛ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Kings 22:6 | 6 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָד֙ | Noun, Proper | Deuteronomy 3:10 | 6 |
| גִלְעָֽד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 2:23 | 5 |
| גִּלְעָד֙ | Noun, Proper | 1 Kings 22:12 | 4 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֑ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 22:13 | 4 |
| גִלְעָד֙ | Noun, Proper | Jeremiah 46:11 | 3 |
| גִּלְעָ֔ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Samuel 11:9 | 3 |
| גִּלְעָ֗ד | Noun, Proper | 2 Kings 9:14 | 3 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | Deuteronomy 34:1 | 3 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 6:80 | 2 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָד֙ | Noun, Proper | Deuteronomy 4:43 | 2 |
| גִלְעָ֜ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 11:8 | 2 |
| גִלְעָ֨ד | Noun, Proper | Psalms 60:7 | 2 |
| גִּלְעָ֕ד | Noun, Proper | Hosea 6:8 | 2 |
| גִּלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 11:1 | 2 |
| גִּלְעָ֥ד | Noun, Proper | Hosea 12:11 | 2 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֗ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 17:1 | 2 |
| וְ/הַ/גִּלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | 2 Kings 10:33 | 2 |
| בְּ/גִלְעָ֔ד | Noun, Proper | Jeremiah 8:22 | 1 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָ֑ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 10:17 | 1 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָ֗ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Kings 4:13 | 1 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָ֥ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 5:16 | 1 |
| בַּ/גִּלְעָֽד | Noun, Proper | Judges 10:8 | 1 |
| גִלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 11:10 | 1 |
| גִלְעָ֗ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 11:9 | 1 |
| גִלְעָ֛ד | Noun, Proper | Judges 12:5 | 1 |
| גִלְעָד֮ | Noun, Proper | 1 Kings 17:1 | 1 |
| גִּלְעָ֔דָ/ה | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 27:21 | 1 |
| גִּלְעָ֖דָ/ה | Noun, Proper | Numbers 32:39 | 1 |
| גִּלְעָ֜ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 17:3 | 1 |
| גִּלְעָ֤ד | Noun, Proper | Zechariah 10:10 | 1 |
| גִּלְעָ֧ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 5:14 | 1 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֔דָ/ה | Noun, Proper | 2 Samuel 24:6 | 1 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֛ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 22:32 | 1 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֜ד | Noun, Proper | Ezekiel 47:18 | 1 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֤ד | Noun, Proper | Deuteronomy 3:13 | 1 |
| הַ/גִּלְעָ֥ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 17:1 | 1 |
| וְ/גִלְעָ֑ד | Noun, Proper | 1 Samuel 13:7 | 1 |
| וְ/גִלְעָ֖ד | Noun, Proper | Micah 7:14 | 1 |
| וְ/הַ/גִּלְעָ֞ד | Noun, Proper | Joshua 13:11 | 1 |
| לְ/גִלְעָ֕ד | Noun, Proper | Numbers 26:29 | 1 |
| לַ/גִּלְעָֽד | Noun, Proper | 1 Chronicles 5:10 | 1 |
| מִ/גִּלְעָ֑ד | Noun, Proper | Genesis 37:25 | 1 |
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H1568, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derives from
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → 2 of the same-root words are proper names (people or places). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Bible dictionary
Public-domain dictionary articles matched to this entry by name (Gilead). A biblical name can be shared by more than one person or place, so an article may treat several.
Easton's Bible Dictionary · M. G. Easton, 1897
Hill of testimony, (Gen. 31:21), a mountainous region east of Jordan. From its mountainous character it is called "the mount of Gilead" (Gen. 31:25). It is called also "the land of Gilead" (Num. 32:1), and sometimes simply "Gilead" (Ps. 60:7; Gen. 37:25). It comprised the possessions of the tribes of Gad and Reuben and the south part of Manasseh (Deut. 3:13; Num. 32:40). It was bounded on the north by Bashan, and on the south by Moab and Ammon (Gen. 31:21; Deut. 3:12-17). "Half Gilead" was possessed by Sihon, and the other half, separated from it by the river Jabbok, by Og, king of Bashan. The deep ravine of the river Hieromax (the modern Sheriat el-Mandhur) separated Bashan from Gilead, which was about 60 miles in length and 20 in breadth, extending from near the south end of the Lake of Gennesaret to the north end of the Dead Sea. Abarim, Pisgah, Nebo, and Peor are its mountains mentioned in Scripture.
Smith's Bible Dictionary · William Smith, 1863
(rocky region).
+ A mountainous region bounded on the west by the Jordan, on the north by Bashan, on the east by the Arabian plateau, and on the south by Moab and Ammon. (Genesis 31:21; 3:12-17) It is sometimes called "Mount Gilead," (Genesis 31:25) sometimes "the land of Gilead," (Numbers 32:1) and sometimes simply "Gilead." (Psalms 60:7; Genesis 37:25) The name Gilead, as is usual in Palestine, describes the physical aspect of the country: it signifies "a hard rocky region." The mountains of Gilead, including Pisgah, Abarim and Peor, have a real elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet; but their apparent elevation on the western side is much greater, owing to the depression of the Jordan valley, which averages about 3000 feet. Their outline is singularly uniform, resembling a massive wall running along the horizon. Gilead was specially noted for its balm collected from "balm of Gilead" trees, and worth twice its weight in silver. + Possibly the name of a mountain west of the Jordan, near Jezreel. (Judges 7:3) We are inclined, however, to think that the true reading in this place should be Gilboa. + Son of Machir, grandson of Manasseh. (Numbers 26:29,30) + The father of Jephthah. (Judges 11:1,2)
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary · Roswell D. Hitchcock, 1869
the heap or mass of testimony
Classic public-domain reference works; full attribution on Sources.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 119 verses that also exist in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 123 Hebrew verses it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
- Genesis 31:21
- Numbers 26:29
- Deuteronomy 2:36
- Joshua 12:2
- Judges 5:17
- 1 Samuel 11:1
- 2 Samuel 2:4
- 1 Kings 4:13
- 2 Kings 8:28
- 1 Chronicles 2:21
- 2 Chronicles 18:2
- Psalms 60:7
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
