καί
and
Full lexicon entry — Thayer's Greek Lexicon
From Thayer's Greek Lexicon
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Conjunction
- A joining word linking words or clauses.
Every verse where G2532 appears in the Book of 1 John — 79 distinct verses. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Greek form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Greek New Testament; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences of this word are not indexed here.
1 John
- 1 John 1:1 καὶ conj That which was from the beginning, that which we have heard, that which we have seen with our eyes, that which we saw, and our hands touched, concerning the Word of life
- 1 John 1:2 καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj conj conj (and the life was revealed, and we have seen, and testify, and declare to you the life, the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was revealed to us);
- 1 John 1:3 καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj conj conj that which we have seen and heard we declare to you, that you also may have fellowship with us. Yes, and our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son, Jesus Christ.
- 1 John 1:4 καὶ conj And we write these things to you, that our joy may be fulfilled.
- 1 John 1:5 Καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj This is the message which we have heard from him and announce to you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.
- 1 John 1:6 καὶ καὶ conj conj If we say that we have fellowship with him and walk in the darkness, we lie, and don't tell the truth.
- 1 John 1:7 καὶ conj But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus Christ, his Son, cleanses us from all sin.
- 1 John 1:8 καὶ conj If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.
- 1 John 1:9 καὶ καὶ conj conj If we confess our sins, he is faithful and righteous to forgive us the sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
- 1 John 1:10 καὶ conj If we say that we haven't sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us.
- 1 John 2:1 καὶ conj My little children, I write these things to you so that you may not sin. If anyone sins, we have a Counselor with the Father, Jesus Christ, the righteous.
- 1 John 2:2 καὶ καὶ conj conj And he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only, but also for the whole world.
- 1 John 2:3 καὶ conj This is how we know that we know him: if we keep his commandments.
- 1 John 2:4 καὶ καὶ conj conj One who says, "I know him," and doesn't keep his commandments, is a liar, and the truth isn't in him.
- 1 John 2:6 καὶ conj he who says he remains in him ought himself also to walk just like he walked.
- 1 John 2:8 καὶ καὶ conj conj Again, I write a new commandment to you, which is true in him and in you; because the darkness is passing away, and the true light already shines.
- 1 John 2:9 καὶ conj He who says he is in the light and hates his brother, is in the darkness even until now.
- 1 John 2:10 καὶ conj He who loves his brother remains in the light, and there is no occasion for stumbling in him.
- 1 John 2:11 καὶ καὶ conj conj But he who hates his brother is in the darkness, and walks in the darkness, and doesn't know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.
- 1 John 2:14 καὶ καὶ conj conj I have written to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I have written to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word of God remains in you, and you have overcome the evil one.
- 1 John 2:16 καὶ καὶ conj conj For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, isn't the Father's, but is the world's.
- 1 John 2:17 καὶ καὶ conj conj The world is passing away with its lusts, but he who does God's will remains forever.
- 1 John 2:18 καὶ καὶ conj conj Little children, these are the end times, and as you heard that the Antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have arisen. By this we know that it is the end times.
- 1 John 2:20 καὶ καὶ conj conj You have an anointing from the Holy One, and you know the truth.
- 1 John 2:21 καὶ conj I have not written to you because you don't know the truth, but because you know it, and because no lie is of the truth.
- 1 John 2:22 καὶ conj Who is the liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ? This is the Antichrist, he who denies the Father and the Son.
- 1 John 2:23 καὶ conj Whoever denies the Son, the same doesn't have the Father. He who confesses the Son has the Father also.
- 1 John 2:24 καὶ καὶ conj conj Therefore, as for you, let that remain in you which you heard from the beginning. If that which you heard from the beginning remains in you, you also will remain in the Son, and in the Father.
- 1 John 2:25 καὶ conj This is the promise which he promised us, the eternal life.
- 1 John 2:27 καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj conj conj As for you, the anointing which you received from him remains in you, and you don't need for anyone to teach you. But as his anointing teaches you concerning all things, and is true, and is no lie, and even as it taught you, you will remain in him.
- 1 John 2:28 Καὶ καὶ conj conj Now, little children, remain in him, that when he appears, we may have boldness, and not be ashamed before him at his coming.
- 1 John 2:29 καὶ conj If you know that he is righteous, you know that everyone who practices righteousness is born of him.
- 1 John 3:1 καὶ conj Behold, how great a love the Father has bestowed on us, that we should be called children of God! For this cause the world doesn't know us, because it didn't know him.
- 1 John 3:2 καὶ conj Beloved, now we are children of God, and it is not yet revealed what we will be. But we know that, when he is revealed, we will be like him; for we will see him just as he is.
- 1 John 3:3 καὶ conj Everyone who has this hope set on him purifies himself, even as he is pure.
- 1 John 3:4 καὶ καὶ conj conj Everyone who sins also commits lawlessness. Sin is lawlessness.
- 1 John 3:5 καὶ καὶ conj conj You know that he was revealed to take away our sins, and in him is no sin.
- 1 John 3:9 καὶ conj Whoever is born of God doesn't commit sin, because his seed remains in him; and he can't sin, because he is born of God.
- 1 John 3:10 καὶ καὶ conj conj In this the children of God are revealed, and the children of the devil. Whoever doesn't do righteousness is not of God, neither is he who doesn't love his brother.
- 1 John 3:12 καὶ καὶ conj conj unlike Cain, who was of the evil one, and killed his brother. Why did he kill him? Because his works were evil, and his brother's righteous.
- 1 John 3:13 Καὶ conj Don't be surprised, my brothers, if the world hates you.
- 1 John 3:15 καὶ conj Whoever hates his brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer has eternal life remaining in him.
- 1 John 3:16 καὶ conj By this we know love, because he laid down his life for us. And we ought to lay down our lives for the brothers.
- 1 John 3:17 καὶ καὶ conj conj But whoever has the world's goods, and sees his brother in need, and closes his heart of compassion against him, how does the love of God remain in him?
- 1 John 3:18 καὶ conj My little children, let's not love in word only, neither with the tongue only, but in deed and truth.
- 1 John 3:19 καὶ καὶ conj conj And by this we know that we are of the truth, and persuade our hearts before him,
- 1 John 3:20 καὶ conj because if our heart condemns us, God is greater than our heart, and knows all things.
- 1 John 3:22 καὶ καὶ conj conj and whatever we ask, we receive from him, because we keep his commandments and do the things that are pleasing in his sight.
- 1 John 3:23 καὶ καὶ conj conj This is his commandment, that we should believe in the name of his Son, Jesus Christ, and love one another, even as he commanded.
- 1 John 3:24 καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj He who keeps his commandments remains in him, and he in him. By this we know that he remains in us, by the Spirit which he gave us.
- 1 John 4:3 καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj and every spirit who doesn't confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is not of God, and this is the spirit of the antichrist, of whom you have heard that it comes. Now it is in the world already.
- 1 John 4:4 καὶ conj You are of God, little children, and have overcome them; because greater is he who is in you than he who is in the world.
- 1 John 4:5 καὶ conj They are of the world. Therefore they speak of the world, and the world hears them.
- 1 John 4:6 καὶ conj We are of God. He who knows God listens to us. He who is not of God doesn't listen to us. By this we know the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error.
- 1 John 4:7 καὶ καὶ conj conj Beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God; and everyone who loves is born of God, and knows God.
- 1 John 4:10 καὶ conj In this is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son as the atoning sacrifice for our sins.
- 1 John 4:11 καὶ conj Beloved, if God loved us in this way, we also ought to love one another.
- 1 John 4:12 καὶ conj No one has seen God at any time. If we love one another, God remains in us, and his love has been perfected in us.
- 1 John 4:13 καὶ conj By this we know that we remain in him and he in us, because he has given us of his Spirit.
- 1 John 4:14 καὶ καὶ conj conj We have seen and testify that the Father has sent the Son as the Savior of the world.
- 1 John 4:15 καὶ conj Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God, God remains in him, and he in God.
- 1 John 4:16 καὶ καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj conj We know and have believed the love which God has for us. God is love, and he who remains in love remains in God, and God remains in him.
- 1 John 4:17 καὶ conj In this love has been made perfect among us, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment, because as he is, even so are we in this world.
- 1 John 4:20 καὶ conj If a man says, "I love God," and hates his brother, he is a liar; for he who doesn't love his brother whom he has seen, how can he love God whom he has not seen?
- 1 John 4:21 καὶ καὶ conj conj This commandment we have from him, that he who loves God should also love his brother.
- 1 John 5:1 καὶ καὶ conj conj Whoever believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God. Whoever loves the father also loves the child who is born of him.
- 1 John 5:2 καὶ conj By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God and keep his commandments.
- 1 John 5:3 καὶ conj For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments. His commandments are not grievous.
- 1 John 5:4 καὶ conj For whatever is born of God overcomes the world. This is the victory that has overcome the world: your faith.
- 1 John 5:6 καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj This is he who came by water and blood, Jesus Christ; not with the water only, but with the water and the blood. It is the Spirit who testifies, because the Spirit is the truth.
- 1 John 5:8 καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj the Spirit, and the water, and the blood; and the three agree as one.
- 1 John 5:11 καὶ καὶ conj conj The testimony is this, that God gave to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son.
- 1 John 5:14 καὶ conj This is the boldness which we have toward him, that, if we ask anything according to his will, he listens to us.
- 1 John 5:15 καὶ conj And if we know that he listens to us, whatever we ask, we know that we have the petitions which we have asked of him.
- 1 John 5:16 καὶ conj If anyone sees his brother sinning a sin not leading to death, he shall ask, and God will give him life for those who sin not leading to death. There is a sin leading to death. I don't say that he should make a request concerning this.
- 1 John 5:17 καὶ conj All unrighteousness is sin, and there is a sin not leading to death.
- 1 John 5:18 καὶ conj We know that whoever is born of God doesn't sin, but he who was born of God keeps himself, and the evil one doesn't touch him.
- 1 John 5:19 καὶ conj We know that we are of God, and the whole world lies in the power of the evil one.
- 1 John 5:20 καὶ καὶ καὶ conj conj conj We know that the Son of God has come, and has given us an understanding, that we know him who is true, and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life.
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
At its core, και (kaí) means “and.” Scripture first uses it in Matthew 1:2. With 5,125 verses in 27 books, it is one of the most common word in the Greek New Testament. Sharing its root, it stands alongside καγω, καιγε and καιπερ. Each statement above links to its evidence; the full detail follows below.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's G2532 catalogs a Greek word from the Greek New Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Greek New Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 5,125
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 5,125 distinct verses.
- 27 / 27
- NT books
- The word appears in 27 of 27 New Testament books.
- #2
- by frequency
- Top 10 most frequent Greek words (rank 2 of 5,347 Greek words by occurrence).
View all 5,125 occurrences in the concordance →
By section of the New Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Some books belong to more than one corpus (Luke is in both the Gospels and the Lukan corpus, and so on), so these shares overlap and need not total 100%. Each figure is a share of the word’s 5,125 distinct verses.
- Gospels 2,619 verses · 51%
- Lukan (Luke–Acts) 1,489 verses · 29%
- Pauline corpus 1,026 verses · 20%
- Johannine 995 verses · 19%
- Revelation 370 verses · 7%
- General (Catholic) Epistles 277 verses · 5%
- Hebrews 173 verses · 3%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: And 8,097×, Also 500×, Even 101×
- American Standard Version: And 7,750×, Also 433×, Even 110×
- Berean Standard Bible: And 5,240×, Then 278×, Also 156×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: And 7,949×, Also 596×, But 132×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders G2532 across 9,091 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 72 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 156 further occurrences.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders G2532 across 8,928 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 227 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 83 further occurrences.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders G2532 across 6,415 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 44 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 2,467 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders G2532 across 9,016 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus other, less common renderings. Plus 20 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 3 further occurrences.
Senses in Thayer's
The 1 sense Thayer's distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency or importance). The full entry — with sub-senses — is in the Lexicon Entry tab.
- and, also, even, indeed, but Frequency count based on 1894 Scrivener Greek New Testament.
Word origin
Origin: apparently, a primary particle, having a copulative and sometimes also a cumulative force
Apparently a primary particle having a copulative and sometimes also a cumulative force; and also even so then too etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words : - and also both but even for if indeed likewise moreover or so that then therefore when yea yet.
— Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance (1890), public domain.
Forms in the corpus
The 5 distinct written forms G2532 takes in the Greek New Testament, most frequent first — each parse links to that case’s occurrences in the concordance.
| Form | Parsing | Example | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| καὶ kaì | Conjunction | Matthew 1:2 | 8,661 |
| Καὶ Kaì | Conjunction | Matthew 4:21 | 274 |
| καί kaí | Conjunction | Matthew 15:4 | 29 |
| Καί Kaí | Conjunction | Luke 19:39 | 4 |
| και kai | Conjunction | John 7:53 | 1 |
Same root — word family
Other Thayer's entries built from the same root as G2532, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derived from this word
- καγω kagṓ G2504 and I
- καιγε kaíge G2534 and indeed
- καιπερ kaíper G2539 although
- καιτοι kaítoi G2543 and yet
- κακει kakeî G2546 and there
- κακειθεν kakeîthen G2547 of place
- κακεινος kakeînos G2548 and he
- καν kán G2579 and if
Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 9 — not the complete family. They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint usage
The same Greek word και appears 47,643 times in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), across 18,587 verses in 38 books.
- 47,643
- LXX occurrences
- Tagged occurrences of this Greek word in the Septuagint.
- 18,587
- verses
- Distinct Septuagint verses containing this word.
- 38 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 38 of the 39 Old Testament books.
Sample Septuagint occurrences
- Genesis 1:1 καί
- Exodus 1:3 καί
- Leviticus 1:1 καί
- Numbers 1:1 καί
- Deuteronomy 1:1 καί
- Joshua 1:1 καί
- Judges 1:1 καί
- Ruth 1:1 καί
- 1 Samuel 1:1 καί
- 2 Samuel 1:1 καί
- 1 Kings 1:1 καί
- 2 Kings 1:1 καί
Septuagint occurrences (same lexeme)
Every verse where the same Strong’s number (G2532) appears in the Greek Septuagint — showing the first 50 of 18,587. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context; the Greek form is the matched word — the English is not keyword-highlighted.
- Genesis 1:1 καί In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- Genesis 1:2 καί Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
- Genesis 1:3 καί God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
- Genesis 1:4 καί God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.
- Genesis 1:5 καί God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. There was evening and there was morning, one day.
- Genesis 1:6 καί God said, "Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters."
- Genesis 1:7 καί God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse, and it was so.
- Genesis 1:8 καί God called the expanse sky. There was evening and there was morning, a second day.
- Genesis 1:9 καί God said, "Let the waters under the sky be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear," and it was so.
- Genesis 1:10 καί God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters he called Seas. God saw that it was good.
- Genesis 1:11 καί God said, "Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind, with its seed in it, on the earth," and it was so.
- Genesis 1:12 καί The earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with its seed in it, after their kind: and God saw that it was good.
- Genesis 1:13 καί There was evening and there was morning, a third day.
- Genesis 1:14 καί God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;
- Genesis 1:15 καί and let them be for lights in the expanse of sky to give light on the earth," and it was so.
- Genesis 1:16 καί God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.
- Genesis 1:17 καί God set them in the expanse of sky to give light to the earth,
- Genesis 1:18 καί and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
- Genesis 1:19 καί There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
- Genesis 1:20 καί God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of sky."
- Genesis 1:21 καί God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
- Genesis 1:22 καί God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
- Genesis 1:23 καί There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
- Genesis 1:24 καί God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind, cattle, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind," and it was so.
- Genesis 1:25 καί God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
- Genesis 1:26 καί God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
- Genesis 1:27 καί God created man in his own image. In God's image he created him; male and female he created them.
- Genesis 1:28 καί God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."
- Genesis 1:29 καί God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
- Genesis 1:30 καί To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food." And it was so.
- Genesis 1:31 καί God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. There was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
- Genesis 2:1 καί The heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.
- Genesis 2:2 καί On the seventh day God finished his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
- Genesis 2:3 καί God blessed the seventh day, and made it holy, because he rested in it from all his work which he had created and made.
- Genesis 2:4 καί This is the history of the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that Yahweh God made earth and the heavens.
- Genesis 2:5 καί No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
- Genesis 2:6 καί but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
- Genesis 2:7 καί Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
- Genesis 2:8 καί Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.
- Genesis 2:9 καί Out of the ground Yahweh God made every tree to grow that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
- Genesis 2:12 καί and the gold of that land is good. There is aromatic resin and the onyx stone.
- Genesis 2:13 καί The name of the second river is Gihon: the same river that flows through the whole land of Cush.
- Genesis 2:14 καί The name of the third river is Hiddekel: this is the one which flows in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
- Genesis 2:15 καί Yahweh God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
- Genesis 2:16 καί Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat:
- Genesis 2:17 καί but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it: for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
- Genesis 2:18 καί Yahweh God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
- Genesis 2:19 καί Out of the ground Yahweh God formed every animal of the field, and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. Whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
- Genesis 2:20 καί The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper suitable for him.
- Genesis 2:21 καί Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall on the man, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
These are occurrences of the same Greek lexeme (G2532) in the Septuagint — not a translation of any one Hebrew word. The store carries no word-level Hebrew↔Greek alignment, so no Hebrew original is asserted here. Counts come from the recovered LXX Strong's tagging — high-frequency vocabulary is well covered, while rare or late forms may be untagged — so they reflect tagged occurrences and may slightly undercount.