עוּד
to testify
‘to testify’ is one of 3 main senses fuller range ↓
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
See every Hiphil verb in the Hebrew Bible →
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Verb
- An action or state-of-being word.
Stem
- Hiphil
- The causative active stem (“he caused / brought about”). Here: ‘testify’
- Hophal
- The passive counterpart of the Hiphil (“he was caused to…”).
- Hithpolel
- The reflexive counterpart of the Polel.
- Polel
- A stem of hollow/geminate roots functioning like the Piel — intensive active.
- Piel
- An intensive or resultative active stem.
Form
- Cohortative
- A first-person volitional form expressing wish or resolve (“let me / let us write”).
- Perfect
- A completed action or state — Hebrew marks aspect (completeness) more than strict tense (“he wrote”).
- Sequential Imperfect
- An imperfect with prefixed waw — the standard past-narrative form (waw-consecutive imperfect).
- Infinitive Absolute
- An unbound verbal noun, often intensifying or standing in for a finite verb.
- Sequential Perfect
- A perfect with prefixed waw continuing a preceding imperfect or command (waw-consecutive perfect).
- Jussive
- A third- or second-person volitional form expressing wish or command (“let him write”).
- Imperative
- A direct command (“write!”).
- Imperfect
- An incomplete, ongoing, or future action (“he will / would write”).
- Participle Active
- A verbal adjective expressing ongoing or characteristic action (“writing / one who writes”).
State
- Absolute
- The independent form of a noun, not bound to a following word.
Person
- 1st Person
- The speaker (“I / we”).
- 3rd Person
- The one spoken about (“he / she / it / they”).
- 2nd Person
- The one addressed (“you”).
Gender
- Common
- Either gender — not distinguished for this form.
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
- Feminine
- Grammatically feminine.
Number
- Singular
- One.
- Plural
- More than one (in Hebrew, generally three or more).
Grammatical forms 22 distinct
- Verb, Hiphil, Cohortative, 1st Person, Common, Singular 5 times (11%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Perfect, 1st Person, Common, Singular 5 times (11%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Infinitive Absolute 5 times (11%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Sequential Imperfect, 1st Person, Common, Singular 4 times (9%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Perfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular 3 times (7%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Sequential Imperfect, 2nd Person, Masculine, Singular 2 times (5%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular 2 times (5%)
- Verb, Hiphil, Perfect, 2nd Person, Masculine, Singular 2 times (5%)
+14 more forms (16 occurrences)
Parsed forms decoded from the imported morphology (morphhb / Westminster Leningrad Codex — WLC text public domain, morphhb tagging CC BY 4.0), counted across 44 parsed occurrences — not distinct verses.
Every verse where H5749 appears — 40 distinct verses across 16 books. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Genesis 1 verse
Exodus 3 verses
- Exodus 19:21 הָעֵ֣ד Hiphil impv 2ms Yahweh said to Moses, "Go down, charge the people, lest they break through to Yahweh to gaze, and many of them perish.
- Exodus 19:23 הַעֵדֹ֤תָה Hiphil pf 2ms Moses said to Yahweh, "The people can't come up to Mount Sinai, for you charged us, saying, 'Set bounds around the mountain, and sanctify it.'"
- Exodus 21:29 וְ/הוּעַ֤ד conj + Hophal wpf 3ms But if the bull had a habit of goring in the past, and it has been testified to its owner, and he has not kept it in, but it has killed a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death.
Deuteronomy 5 verses
- Deuteronomy 4:26 הַעִידֹתִי֩ Hiphil pf 1cs I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that you shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto you go over the Jordan to possess it; you shall not prolong your days on it, but shall utterly be destroyed.
- Deuteronomy 8:19 הַעִדֹ֤תִי Hiphil pf 1cs It shall be, if you shall forget Yahweh your God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that you shall surely perish.
- Deuteronomy 30:19 הַעִידֹ֨תִי Hiphil pf 1cs I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse: therefore choose life, that you may live, you and your seed;
- Deuteronomy 31:28 וְ/אָעִ֣ידָה conj + Hiphil coh 1cs Assemble to me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to witness against them.
- Deuteronomy 32:46 מֵעִ֥יד Hiphil ptcp.act ms He said to them, Set your heart to all the words which I testify to you this day, which you shall command your children to observe to do, [even] all the words of this law.
1 Samuel 1 verse
1 Kings 3 verses
- 1 Kings 2:42 וָ/אָעִ֤ד conj + Hiphil wimpf 1cs The king sent and called for Shimei, and said to him, Didn't I adjure you by Yahweh, and protest to you, saying, Know for certain, that on the day you go out, and walk abroad any where, you shall surely die? and you said to me, The saying that I have heard is good.
- 1 Kings 21:10 וִ/יעִדֻ֣/הוּ conj + Hiphil juss 3mp + sfx pers 3ms and set two men, base fellows, before him, and let them testify against him, saying, You did curse God and the king. Then carry him out, and stone him to death.
- 1 Kings 21:13 וַ/יְעִדֻ/הוּ֩ conj + Hiphil wimpf 3mp + sfx pers 3ms The two men, the base fellows, came in and sat before him: and the base fellows bore witness against him, even against Naboth, in the presence of the people, saying, Naboth did curse God and the king. Then they carried him forth out of the city, and stoned him to death with stones.
2 Kings 2 verses
- 2 Kings 17:13 וַ/יָּ֣עַד conj + Hiphil wimpf 3ms Yet Yahweh testified to Israel, and to Judah, by every prophet, and every seer, saying, Turn you from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.
- 2 Kings 17:15 הֵעִ֖יד Hiphil pf 3ms They rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified to them; and they followed vanity, and became vain, and [went] after the nations that were round about them, concerning whom Yahweh had charged those who they should not do like them.
2 Chronicles 1 verse
Nehemiah 6 verses
- Nehemiah 9:26 הֵעִ֥ידוּ Hiphil pf 3cp Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled against you, and cast your law behind their back, and killed your prophets that testified against them to turn them again to you, and they committed awful blasphemies.
- Nehemiah 9:29 וַ/תָּ֨עַד conj + Hiphil wimpf 2ms and testified against them, that you might bring them again to your law. Yet they dealt proudly, and didn't listen to your commandments, but sinned against your ordinances, (which if a man do, he shall live in them), and withdrew the shoulder, and hardened their neck, and would not hear.
- Nehemiah 9:30 וַ/תָּ֨עַד conj + Hiphil wimpf 2ms Yet many years did you bear with them, and testified against them by your Spirit through your prophets: yet would they not give ear: therefore gave you them into the hand of the peoples of the lands.
- Nehemiah 9:34 הַעִידֹ֖תָ Hiphil pf 2ms neither have our kings, our princes, our priests, nor our fathers, kept your law, nor listened to your commandments and your testimonies with which you did testify against them.
- Nehemiah 13:15 וָ/אָעִ֕יד conj + Hiphil wimpf 1cs In those days saw I in Judah some men treading wine-presses on the Sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and lading donkeys [therewith]; as also wine, grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day: and I testified [against them] in the day in which they sold food.
- Nehemiah 13:21 וָ/אָעִ֣ידָ/ה conj + Hiphil wimpf 1cs + sfx h Then I testified against them, and said to them, Why lodge you about the wall? if you do so again, I will lay hands on you. From that time forth came they no more on the Sabbath.
Job 1 verse
Psalms 6 verses
- Psalms 20:8 וַ/נִּתְעוֹדָֽד conj + Hithpolel wimpf 1cp They are bowed down and fallen, But we rise up, and stand upright.
- Psalms 50:7 וְ/אָעִ֣ידָה conj + Hiphil coh 1cs "Hear, my people, and I will speak; Israel, and I will testify against you. I am God, your God.
- Psalms 81:8 וְ/אָעִ֣ידָה conj + Hiphil coh 1cs "Hear, my people, and I will testify to you, Israel, if you would listen to me!
- Psalms 119:61 עִוְּדֻ֑/נִי Piel pf 3cp + sfx pers 1cs The ropes of the wicked bind me, But I won't forget your law.
- Psalms 146:9 יְעוֹדֵ֑ד Polel impf 3ms Yahweh preserves the foreigners. He upholds the fatherless and widow, But the way of the wicked he turns upside down.
- Psalms 147:6 מְעוֹדֵ֣ד Polel ptcp.act ms Yahweh upholds the humble. He brings the wicked down to the ground.
Isaiah 1 verse
Jeremiah 6 verses
- Jeremiah 6:10 וְ/אָעִ֨ידָה֙ conj + Hiphil coh 1cs To whom shall I speak and testify, that they may hear? behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they can't listen: behold, the word of Yahweh is become to them a reproach; they have no delight in it.
- Jeremiah 11:7 הָעֵ֨ד הַעִדֹ֜תִי וְ/הָעֵ֖ד Hiphil inf.abs Hiphil pf 1cs conj + Hiphil inf.abs For I earnestly protested to your fathers in the day that I brought them up out of the land of Egypt, even to this day, rising early and protesting, saying, Obey my voice.
- Jeremiah 32:10 וָ/אָעֵ֖ד conj + Hiphil wimpf 1cs I subscribed the deed, and sealed it, and called witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances.
- Jeremiah 32:25 וְ/הָעֵ֣ד conj + Hiphil impv 2ms You have said to me, Lord Yahweh, Buy you the field for money, and call witnesses; whereas the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans.
- Jeremiah 32:44 וְ/הָעֵ֣ד conj + Hiphil inf.abs Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe the deeds, and seal them, and call witnesses, in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the hill-country, and in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South: for I will cause their captivity to return, says Yahweh.
- Jeremiah 42:19 הַעִידֹ֥תִי Hiphil pf 1cs Yahweh has spoken concerning you, remnant of Judah, Don't you go into Egypt: know certainly that I have testified to you this day.
Lamentations 1 verse
Amos 1 verse
Zechariah 1 verse
Malachi 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
At its core, עוד (ʻûwd) means “to testify.” The verb spans 6 stems, from Piel to Qal. It appears 40 verses across 16 books of the Hebrew Bible, among its moderately common vocabulary. First canonically at Genesis 43:3, it enters the text early. It shares a root with עד, עוד and תעודה. Each statement above links to its evidence; the full detail follows below.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H5749 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 40
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 40 distinct verses.
- 16 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 16 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #819
- by frequency
- Top 1000 most frequent Hebrew words (rank 819 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 40 occurrences in the concordance →
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 40 distinct verses.
- Prophets (Nevi'im) 16 verses · 40%
- Writings (Ketuvim) 15 verses · 38%
- Torah (Pentateuch) 9 verses · 23%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
BDB lists this Strong’s number as 2 distinct words (homographs). Each count above pools all of them and is not split by sense — see the Senses section below. A low-frequency rendering may belong to a different one of those words, not the primary meaning.
- King James Version†: Protested 3×, Record 3×, I call 2×
- American Standard Version†: Call 2×, I call 2×, I testified 2×
- Berean Standard Bible†: Solemnly warned 2×, Testify 2×, Warn 2×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text†: And 4×, Warned 3×, Witness 3×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H5749 across 48† tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 26 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 1 further occurrence.
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H5749 across 47† tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 31 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H5749 across 39† tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 31 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings. Not rendered by a distinct English word in 4 further occurrences.
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H5749 across 49† tagged occurrences — most commonly:
Plus 32 renderings that appear only once — usually multi-word phrases or single function words the recovered tagging swept in, not distinct renderings.
8 senses and sub-senses in the full BDB
Hebrew verbs can shift meaning by stem (binyan): Qal is the basic action, Niphal is often passive or reflexive, Piel often intensifies or makes it factitive, and Hiphil is typically causative. The senses below are grouped under the stem BDB assigns to each. This entry also uses Hophal (the passive of Hiphil) and one or more reduplicated stems (the Pōlēl/Pilpēl type), which for hollow or geminate roots behave much like Piel — often intensive or iterative.
What do BDB’s symbols mean?
BDB uses these scholarly abbreviations:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 𝔊 | the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation, LXX) |
| 𝔙 | the Vulgate (the Latin translation) |
| 𝔖 | the Syriac version (the Peshitta) |
| 𝔗 | the Targum (the Aramaic translation) |
| ψ | the Psalms |
| √ | root (the underlying root or stem) |
| ‖ | parallel passage (a synonymous or contrasted parallel) |
| † | the dagger: every passage where the word occurs is cited |
The 8 senses and sub-senses the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency), with BDB’s own verbatim wording and sub-sense lettering. Shown in Hebrew script with BDB’s own scholarly abbreviations. The condensed entry is in the Lexicon Entry tab. See also the Forms in the corpus table below.
עוד I return, go about, repeat, do again
Piel
- . surround
Pōl‛ēl
- , restore, relieve
Hithpōl
- . be restored
עוד II bear witness
Qal
- Impf. < Hiph.
Hiphil
- 1. testify, bear witness
- 2. cause to testify, take as witness
- 3. protest, affirm solemnly, wanr
Hophal
- . and protest be entered
Senses from the full Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon (Brown, Driver, Briggs; Oxford 1906 — public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). Full attribution on Sources.
Word origin
[ עוּד ] vb. prob. return, go about, repeat, do again
עוּד vb. denom. bear witness
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Origin: a primitive root
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
עוּד
- to turn, return, occur; to continue, endure, exist (v. Ges. Thes. s. v.).—Denom. עַד, עוֹד, עֵת &c.
- to straighten, erect, help up. Midr. Till. to Ps. CXLVI, 9 וכי כל … מְעוֹדֵד does the Lord uphold all widows and orphans?—*Part. pass. מְעוֹדָד; pl. מְעוֹדָדִים, מְעוֹדָדִין. Tosef. Makhsh. I, 3 שק אחד מע׳ (ed. Zuck. מעודר, Var. מועדר; R. S. to Makhsh. I, 4 מעורר; Makhsh. l. c. מלא פירות) one bag standing upright (closely packed); ib. שני שקין מע׳ (ed. Zuck. מעודרון, Var. מעודדי, R. S. מעוררין).
- (denom. of עֵד)
- 1. to declare one’s presence at a certain occurrence, esp. to establish a law from a witnessed precedent or traditional knowledge. Eduy. II, 1 ר׳ חנינא … ה׳ וכ׳ R. H. … related four things which he knew by tradition. Ib. 3 אף הוא ה׳ על וכ׳ he also reported as a precedent the case of a small village &c.; a. fr.
- 2. to testify before court. Ib. IV, 11 מי שהיו … מְעִידוֹת אותו he concerning whom there were two sets of witnesses testifying; אלו מְעִידִים וכ׳ the ones testifying that &c. Macc. I, 1 מעידין אנו באיש … שגירש וכ׳ (Bab. ed. 3ᵃ … את איש) we testify about this man that he divorced &c. Ib. 2, sq.; a. v. fr.—Ḥag. 5ᵃ וממהר להָעִידוֹ and is quick to testify against him; Yalk. Mal. 589 ומֵעִיד בו.
- 3. to call upon as witness. Lev. R. s. 2 מְעִידֵנִי עלי וכ׳ I call upon heaven and earth as my witnesses &c.; Arakh. 16ᵇ מעיד אני וכ׳; a. fr.
- 4. to forewarn, exhort. Lev. R. l. c. שבעה נביאים … והן מעידין וכ׳ seven prophets stood up for the nations exhorting them; לא הֵעִידוּ בנו they have not warned us; גירי הדור מעידין בדור the proselytes of every generation are an exhortation to their respective generation; a. e.—Esp. to forewarn the owner of a noxious animal; to declare an animal noxious (v. מוּעָד). B. Kam. II, 4 כל שהֵעִידוּ בו וכ׳, v. מוּעָד. Ib. 24ᵃ עד שיָעִידוּ בו וכ׳ unless he be declared noxious (testimony be deposited stating the facts on which the declaration is based) in the presence of the owner and in court. Ib. הֵעִידוּהוּ שנים וכ׳ if the first case has been ascertained by two witnesses &c.; a. fr.—Part. pass. מוּעָד q. v.
עוֹד
- preced.) existence, strength; (adv.) still, yet, more. Pirké d’R. El. ch. XXXII עד שאני בעוֹדִי אברכך while I am yet in my strength (of mind, able to dispose), I will bless thee. Ib. עד שהוא בעוֹדוֹ.—Y. Kil. IX, 32ᶜ top ואין ע׳ and none more (shall be buried here). Y. Erub. VI, 23ᶜ ע׳ היא דבית שמאי this is still in agreement with the opinion of Beth Sh. Y. Peah III, 17ᵈ bot. ולא ע׳ הוא בריא when he is no longer well; ולא עוֹדֵהוּ וכ׳ when he is no longer ill. Tosef. Mikv. V, 12 עודהו הראשון וכ׳ (not עדיהו) while the first bather is yet in the water; [במים] … עוֹדֵיהוּ רגלו while the first is still with one foot in the water; Ḥag. 19ᵃ. Tosef. Kel. B. Mets. V, 5 מפני שעודיהו כלי וכ׳ (not שענדיהו) because it is still a utensil, the girls sitting therein &c. Sabb. 151ᵇ ועוֹדְךָ בידך (Ms. M. ועדיין) and while thou art yet in thy own power (while thou canst still dispose of thyself, s. supra). Ib. 43ᵃ בעוֹדָן עליו when they are yet on it; שאין עודן עליו when they are no longer on it; a. fr.—ולא ע׳ אלא and no more? But (also this), and not only this, but even more. Ber. 4ᵃ. Ib. 7ᵇ; Meg. 6ᵇ; a. fr.—מִבְּעוֹד while there is yet, during. Sabb. I, 5 כדי שישורו מ׳ יום in time to be soaked through during day-time (before sunset). Ib. 6. Yoma 81ᵇ מתחיל ומתענה מ׳ יום he must begin the fast in day-time; a. fr.—[Targ. Y. Deut. XIII, 7 בעודך, read: בעוּבָּךְ, v. עוּבָּא.]
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Forms in the corpus
The 38 distinct written forms H5749 takes in the Hebrew Bible, most frequent first — each parse links to that stem’s occurrences in the concordance. Hebrew forms include their vowel points and cantillation, so a single lemma takes many written forms.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H5749, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derived from this word
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 5 — not the complete family. 1 of the same-root words is a proper name (a person or place). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 31 verses that also exist in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 40 Hebrew verses it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
- Genesis 43:3
- Exodus 19:21
- Deuteronomy 4:26
- 1 Samuel 8:9
- 1 Kings 2:42
- 2 Kings 17:13
- 2 Chronicles 24:19
- Job 29:11
- Psalms 20:8
- Isaiah 8:2
- Jeremiah 6:10
- Lamentations 2:13
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
