Matthew 22:44

22:44 The quotation is from Ps 110:1, which is frequently cited by New Testament authors to describe Jesus (see Acts 2:34-35; 1 Cor 15:25; Heb 1:13; 2:8; 10:12-13; Rev 3:21).

Tyndale Open Study Notes — © Tyndale Open Resources, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

Mat 22:44. Εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος, κ.τ.λ., the Lord said, etc.) The whole of this verse agrees verbatim with the S. V. of Psa 110:1.—τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, to my Lord) Therefore He was David’s Lord, before the Lord said to Him, “Sit Thou on My right hand,” etc.—κάθου, sit) in token of command; see 1Co 15:25.—ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, on My right hand) in token of power.—ἕως ἄν, until) The eternity of the session is not denied; but it is denied that the assault of the enemies will interfere with it. The warlike kingdom will come to an end (as in earthly wars the heir of a kingdom commonly resigns the command which he held during the war, when the enemy has been conquered); the peaceful kingdom, however, will have no end. Cf. 1Co 15:25, etc. Even before that, the Son was subordinate to the Father, but did not then appear so, on account of the glory of His kingdom: even after that, He will reign, but as the Son, subordinate to the Father.—θῶ, κ.τ.λ., I place, etc.) The enemies will lie prostrate.—ἐχθρούς, enemies) and amongst them the Pharisees.—Σου, Thy) i.e. of Thee. The hatred of the enemies is directed especially against the First-born.—ὑποπόδιον, footstool) The enemies will themselves be the footstool of Christ by right of conquest. Cf. Jos 10:24; Psa 47:4.

Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament — English translation (T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 1860) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

Verse 44. The Lord (יהוה Yeve or Jehovah) said unto my Lord, (אדניע Adni or Adonai, my prop, stay, master, support), Sit thou on my right hand] Take the place of the greatest eminence and authority. Till I make thine enemies thy footstool - till I subdue both Jews and Gentiles under thee, and cause them to acknowledge thee as their sovereign and Lord. This quotation is taken from Ps 110:1; and, from it, these two points are clear:

1. That David wrote it by the inspiration of God; and

2. That it is a prophetic declaration of the Messiah.

Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible (1810–1826) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.

41–46. The Son of David

Mar_12:35-37; Luk_20:41-44

44. The Lord said unto my Lord] Psa_110:1. According to the Hebrew, “Jehovah said to Adoni,” i. e. to my sovereign Lord, the Messiah, the Son of David.

said] The Hebrew word translated “said” implies divine inspiration, hence “in spirit” (Mat_22:43). Canon Perowne translates, “the oracle of Jehovah unto my lord.”

Sit thou on my right hand] As My co-regent, having power equal to Mine. This verse is quoted in 1Co_15:25; Heb_1:13; Heb_10:12-13. (Cp. for the expression ch. Mat_20:21.)

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

44 The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool?

Ver. 44. The Lord said unto my Lord] God the Father to God the Son; these two differ no otherwise than that the one is the Father, and not the Son, the other is the Son, and not the Father.

Sit thou on my right hand] As my fellow and co-equal, Zec 13:7; Php 2:6. And as Christ is at the right hand of his Father, so is the Church at the right hand of Christ, Psa 45:9, which is a place both of greatest dignity and safety.

John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

44. The Lord said unto my Lord — Our Lord quotes from Psalms 110. In this Psalm, (which has been applied by both the Jewish and Christian Church to the Messiah) David describes the Messiah as his own Lord sitting at the right hand of God, who subdues all his enemies beneath his feet. On my right hand — The place of honour. The heir or highest dignitary customarily sat at the royal right hand nearest the king, the next in dignity on the king’s left. Till — Sit until then; but the words do not imply that his royal state shall then cease. Thy footstool — An allusion to the mode of ancient conquerors, who put their foot upon the heads of subjugated foes in token of their own supremacy.

Daniel D. Whedon (gen. ed.), Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1874–1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Lord said unto my Lord. (Psa_110:1) The quotation is from the Septuagint. But neither this nor our English Version is an adequate rendering of the original, where the word translated "Lord" is not the same in both parts of the clause, More accurately, the solemn beginning of the psalm is thus given: "Utterance or, "oracle of Jehovah to my Lord (Adonai)." The psalmist acknowledges the recipient of the utterance as his sovereign Lord; this could be no earthly potentate, for on earth he had no such superior; Jewish tradition always applied the term unto the Messiah, or the Word. The prediction repeats the promise made by Nathan to David, (2Sa_7:12) which had no fulfilment in his natural progeny, and could be regarded as looking forward only to the Messiah. Sit thou on my right hand. Thus Messiah is exalted to the highest dignity in heaven. Sitting at God"s right hand does not necessarily imply complete Divine majesty (as Hengstenberg remarks), for the sons of Zebedee had asked for such a position in Messiah"s earthly kingdom; (comp. Mat_20:21) but it denotes supreme honour, association in government, authority second only to that of Monarch. This is said of Christ in his human nature. He is "equal to the Father, as touching his Godhead; inferior to the Father, as touching his manhood." In his Divine nature he could receive nothing; in his human nature all "power was given unto him in heaven and earth". (Mat_28:18) Till I make (ewv an yw) thine enemies thy footstool; upopodion twn podwn sou . This is the Septuagint reading. Many manuscripts here give upokatw twn podwn sou Till I put thine enemies underneath thy feet. Some few have both upopodion and upokatw . Vulgate, Donec ponam inimicos tuos scabellum pedum tuorum. The complete subjection of all adversaries is denoted; (comp. 1Co_15:25-27 Heb_1:13) and they are subjected not merely for punishment and destruction, but, it may be, for salvation and glory. The relative particle "till" must not be pressed, as if Christ"s session was to cease when his victory was completed. We have before had occasion to observe that the phrase, ewv ou , or ewv an , asserts nothing of the future beyond the event specified. As St. Jerome says of such negative phrases, "Ita negant praeteritum ut non ponant futurum". (Mat_1:25 Mat_5:26 Mat_18:34) Of Christ"s kingdom there is no end.

The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Lord said to my Lord - This his dominion, to which David himself was subject, shows both the heavenly majesty of the king, and the nature of his kingdom. Sit thou on my right hand - That is, remain in the highest authority and power. Psalm cx, 1.

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.

44. The Lord. Jehovah. Said to my Lord. The Christ. Found in Psalm 110:1. This psalm is quoted also in Acts 2:34, 35; 1 Cor. 15:25; Heb. 1:13; 5:6; 7:17, 21; 10:13.

B. W. Johnson's The People's New Testament with Notes (1889–1891) — public domain. Electronic text from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL) ThML edition.

44. ὑποκάτω for ὑποπόδιον on conclusive evidence.

44. κύριος τῷ κυρίῳ μου. Psa 110:1. According to the Hebrew, ‘Jehovah said to Adoni,’ i.e. to my sovereign Lord, the Messiah, the Son of David. The repeated κύριος … κυρίῳ seems to be an indication of what must certainly have been the fact, that Jesus avoided (as all Jews do now) the pronunciation of the name Jehovah, using instead Adonai, which is represented by Κύριος.

εἶπεν. The Hebrew word translated ‘said’ implies divine inspiration, hence ‘in spirit’ (Mat 22:43). Dean Perowne translates, ‘the oracle of Jehovah unto my Lord.’

Κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου. As My co-regent, having power equal to Mine. This verse is quoted in 1Co 15:25; Heb 1:13; Heb 10:12-13. (Cp. for the expression ch. Mat 20:21.) The Psalm was always regarded by the Jews as Messianic, hence their silence and inability to answer without acknowledging the divinity of Jesus.

κάθου for κάθησο in late prose and in comedy, see Veitch, sub voc. κάθημαι, and Winer, p. 98, with Dr Moulton’s note. The same form occurs Luk 20:42; Act 2:34; Jas 2:3; and in LXX.

Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges (Cambridge University Press, 1896; 21 vols, various authors incl. Carr, Maclear, Plummer, Farrar, Lumby, Moule, M. R. James, Simcox) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

44. The Lord said to My Lord, Sit at My right hand until I place Thy enemies underneath Thy feet.] So Mk. That is to say, “there is a Psalm of David in which the writer speaks of the Messiah as Lord.” It is assumed that the Psalm is Davidic, and that it deals with the Messiah. The reference is to Psa 110:1. Both Mt. and Mk. differ from the LXX. in omitting the article before κύριος, and in substituting ὑποκάτω for ὑποπόδιον.

(M)

44. ὑποκἁτω] א B D al b e h q S1 S2; ὑποπόδιον, E F al latt. In Mk. ὑποκάτω is read by B Dgr Td 28 S1, ὑποπόδιον by א A L X al latt. Lk. has ὑποπόδιον here (א B al S1, but D latt S2, ὐποκάτω) and in Act 2:35.

E editorial passages.

L the Matthæan Logia.

Hdt. Herodotus.

B. Babylonian Talmud.

1 Cf. on 6:19, 18:7.

M the Second Gospel.

1 In Deu 25:5 LXX. has καὶ συνοικήσει αὐτῇ for וְיִבְּמֶה, but Aq. has (καὶ) ἐπιγαμβρεύσει (αὐτήν).

LXX. The Septuagint Version.

Jos. Josephus.

1 ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. Mk. has ἐν τοῖς ούρανοῖς, and the plural would accord with the usage of the first Gospel. Cf. 24:29, 36. 18:10. Mar 13:32 has the singular in this connection, and Mt. there substitutes the plural, so that the singular in 22:30 is all the more unexpected.

al i.e. with other uncial MSS.

S Syriac version: Sinaitic MS.

S Syriac version: Curetonian.

Win.-Schm. Winer-Schmiedel.

O quotations from the Old Testament borrowed from a collection of Messianic prophecies. See pp.61 f.

1 Cf. also Siphra on Lev 19:18 (Ugol. 853) “Rabbi Akiba said, This is the greatest commandment in the law,” and Bereshith R. (Wünsche, p. 112).

Dalm. Dalman.

X passages in which Mt. and Lk. agree closely, borrowed from an unknown source or sources.

International Critical Commentary — older volumes (1896–1929), various authors — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.