וַיָּרֵ֧עוּ אֹתָ֛נוּ הַמִּצְרִ֖ים וַיְעַנּ֑וּנוּ וַיִּתְּנ֥וּ עָלֵ֖ינוּ עֲבֹדָ֥ה קָשָֽׁה
The Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid on us hard bondage:
World English Bible · Public Domain
Deuteronomy 26:6
Hebrew (Westminster Leningrad Codex) Deuteronomy 26:6 appears in the Hebrew Old Testament. The text above is from the Westminster Leningrad Codex. Each word links to its Strong’s number, a concise gloss, and parsing drawn from the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible morphology. Click any word for its full Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB) entry.
English Translation
The Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid on us hard bondage:
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Compare translations 3
The same verse in 3 English versions, stacked beneath the original-language interlinear above. Click any original word for its lexicon entry.
Each is an independent rendering of the whole verse — the interlinear is not word-aligned to these translations.
Highlighted words mark where these versions differ — a whole-verse word diff, not a word-by-word alignment.
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World English Bible Public Domain
The Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid on us hard bondage:
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King James Version Public Domain
And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:
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unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
And the Egyptians treated us badly and afflicted us. And they set hard work upon us.
unfoldingWord Literal Text — © unfoldingWord, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Word-aligned USFM3 via Door43 (git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ult).
Show all 18 translations
Every available English version of this verse, each an independent rendering of the whole verse.
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World English Bible Public Domain
The Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid on us hard bondage:
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Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
But the Egyptians mistreated us and afflicted us, putting us to hard labor.
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Majority Standard Bible Public Domain
But the Egyptians mistreated us and afflicted us, putting us to hard labor.
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King James Version Public Domain
And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:
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American Standard Version (1901) Public Domain
And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:
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Revised Version (1885) Public Domain
and the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:
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Geneva Bible (1599) Public Domain
And the Egyptians vexed vs, and troubled vs, and laded vs with cruell bondage.
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Douay-Rheims (1899) Public Domain
And the Egyptians afflicted us, and persecuted us, laying on us most grievous burdens:
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Young's Literal Translation Public Domain
and the Egyptians do us evil, and afflict us, and put on us hard service;
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Literal Standard Version CC BY-SA 4.0
and the Egyptians do us evil, and afflict us, and put hard service on us;
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Unlocked Literal Bible CC BY-SA 4.0
The Egyptians treated us badly and afflicted us. They made us do the work of slaves.
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unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
And the Egyptians treated us badly and afflicted us. And they set hard work upon us.
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Darby Bible Public Domain
And the Egyptians evil-entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage;
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World Messianic Bible Public Domain
The Egyptians mistreated us, afflicted us, and imposed hard labor on us.
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Webster's Bible Public Domain
And the Egyptians ill-treated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:
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Free Bible Version CC BY-SA 4.0
But the Egyptians treated us very badly, oppressing us and forcing us to do hard labor.
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Bible in Basic English Public Domain
And the Egyptians were cruel to us, crushing us under a hard yoke:
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JPS Tanakh (1917) Public Domain
And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage.
Literal Standard Version (2020), Covenant Press — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org). Unlocked Literal Bible (unfoldingWord) — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org). unfoldingWord Literal Text — © unfoldingWord, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Word-aligned USFM3 via Door43 (git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ult). Free Bible Version, Dr. Jonathan Gallagher — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org).
Word by word
More ways to search: Search by grammar → Find every occurrence → Compare this word →
Practice this passage: Drill this verse → Learn its vocabulary →
קָשָֽׁה
qâsheh
H7186
“hard”
Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute
- Appears 36× in the Hebrew Bible
- First appears at Genesis 42:7
- Part of Speech
- Adjective
- Type
- Adjective
- Gender
- Feminine
- Number
- Singular
- State
- Absolute
Full BDB Definition
hard, cruel, severe, obstinate
- hard, difficult
- severe
- fierce, intense, vehement
- stubborn, stiff of neck, stiff-necked
- rigorous (of battle)
- וַיָּרֵ֧עוּ râʻaʻ H7489 “and · to do evil” Conjunction + Verb, Hiphil, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Plural
- אֹתָ֛נוּ ʼêth H853 “- · us” Particle, Direct Object + Suffix, Personal, 1st Person, Common, Plural
- הַמִּצְרִ֖ים Mitsrîy H4713 “the · Egyptians” Particle, Definite Article + Noun, Gentilic, Masculine, Plural, Absolute
- וַיְעַנּ֑וּנוּ ʻânâh H6031 “and · to afflict · us” Conjunction + Verb, Piel, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Plural + Suffix, Personal, 1st Person, Common, Plural
- וַיִּתְּנ֥וּ nâthan H5414 “and · to give” Conjunction + Verb, Qal, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Plural
- עָלֵ֖ינוּ ʻal H5921 “upon · us” Preposition + Suffix, Personal, 1st Person, Common, Plural
- עֲבֹדָ֥ה ʻăbôdâh H5656 “service” Noun, Common, Feminine, Singular, Absolute
- קָשָֽׁה qâsheh H7186 “hard” Adjective, Adjective, Feminine, Singular, Absolute
About this verse
These counts appear in no published source. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged text and Lemma’s own curated glosses. What Lemma adds →
- 8
- words
- 8
- distinct lemmas
- Pentateuch
- section
Shared distinctive vocabulary
קָשָֽׁה hard H7186 occurs in 36 verses of the Hebrew Bible. Also found in:
Grammatical profile
- 3 verbs
- 2 nouns
- 1 adjective
- 1 preposition
- 1 particle
Verb forms
- וַיָּרֵ֧עוּ Hiphil · Sequential Imperfect
- וַיְעַנּ֑וּנוּ Piel · Sequential Imperfect
- וַיִּתְּנ֥וּ Qal · Sequential Imperfect
Hebrew & Septuagint length
In English translation the verse runs 15 words from the Hebrew and 14 from the Septuagint (LXX English) — closely comparable.
A rough comparison of the two English renderings, which tokenize alike — not a word-level alignment.
Word counts can differ between the Hebrew and the Greek without any difference in meaning — e.g. the Hebrew direct-object marker אֵת has no separate Greek word, and Greek often adds the article ὁ.
In the original languages it is 8 Hebrew tokens and 13 Greek tokens — but the two are counted differently (Hebrew bundles its prefixes and suffixes into one token; the Greek is in lemma form), so that isn’t a like-for-like length.
Cross-references
8Topical passages linked to Deuteronomy 26:6 in the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — connected by theme and wording, ordered by reader-vote popularity; previews shown in the World English Bible.
- Exodus 1:11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses.
- Exodus 1:14 and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve.
- Exodus 1:16 and he said, "When you perform the duty of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them on the birth stool; if it is a son, then you shall kill him; but if it is a daughter, then she shall live."
- Exodus 1:22 Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, "You shall cast every son who is born into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive."
- Exodus 5:9 Let heavier work be laid on the men, that they may labor therein; and don't let them pay any attention to lying words."
- Exodus 5:23 For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in your name, he has brought trouble on this people; neither have you delivered your people at all."
- Deuteronomy 4:20 But Yahweh has taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, out of Egypt, to be to him a people of inheritance, as at this day.
- Exodus 5:19 The officers of the children of Israel saw that they were in trouble, when it was said, "You shall not diminish anything from your daily quota of bricks!"
Cross-references courtesy of OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0).
Hebrew and Greek witnesses Masoretic Hebrew ↔ Greek Septuagint
The same verse in the two great witnesses to the Old Testament, shown verse-for-verse.
These are two independent witnesses, not word-aligned to each other, and the Septuagint is shown in lemma (dictionary) form.
καί κακόω ἐγώ ὁ αἰγύπτιος καί ταπεινόω ἐγώ καί ἐπιτίθημι ἐγώ ἔργον σκληρός
And the Egyptians afflicted us, and humbled us, and imposed hard tasks on us:
LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) · Public Domain
Hebrew: Westminster Leningrad Codex (CC BY 4.0). Greek: Septuagint (public domain); English from LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) (Public Domain). How the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew →
Targum (Aramaic paraphrase)
The Targum is the ancient Jewish Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Scriptures — an interpretive translation, not the Hebrew text itself. Onkelos (literal) and Pseudo-Jonathan (expansive) render the Torah, and Jonathan the Prophets. Coverage is partial: where no permissively-licensed English translation exists for a verse, only the Aramaic is shown. This is verse-level text, not a word-by-word alignment to the Hebrew.
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Targum Onkelos Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)
וְאַבְאִישׁוּ לָנָא מִצְרָאֵי וְעַנְיָנָא וִיהָבוּ עֲלָנָא פָּלְחָנָא קַשְׁיָא
(no public-domain English translation for this verse)
Targum Onkelos — Aramaic: “Onkelos Genesis” (public domain); “Onkelos Exodus” (public domain); “Onkelos Leviticus” (public domain); “Onkelos Numbers” (public domain); “Onkelos Deuteronomy” (public domain). English: “Sefaria Community Translation” (CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication)); “J.W. Etheridge. The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch. London: Longmans, Green, 1862” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.
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Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Torah (Genesis–Deuteronomy)
וְאַבְאִישׁוּ לָנָא מִצְרָאֵי וְצַעֲרוּ יָתָנָא וִיהָבוּ עֲלָנָא פּוּלְחָנָא קַשְׁיָא
But the Mizraee evil-treated and afflicted us, and laid heavy bondage upon us.
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan — Aramaic: “Targum Jonathan on Genesis” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Exodus” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Leviticus” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Numbers” (public domain); “Targum Jonathan on Deuteronomy” (public domain). English: “The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, trans. J. W. Etheridge, London, 1862” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.
Lesson kit
Teaching starters — assembled from the data on this page, not authored interpretation. Every prompt links to the verse data it draws on. Edit before teaching.
Deuteronomy, in the Pentateuch, opens this verse with 8 words (8 distinct Hebrew lemmas). Its most distinctive word is qâsheh (“hard”). A historical commentator’s framing appears above. Read the whole chapter for the surrounding context.
Discussion questions
- What does “hard” (qâsheh) contribute to the verse as a whole?
- How does Genesis 42:7, which shares the word «hard», read alongside this verse?
- These translations render this verse differently; the difference is in the English rendering, not the original. What questions does that raise?
- «וַיָּרֵ֧עוּ» is a Hiphil Sequential Imperfect verb. How does that grammatical form shape the action described?
- Compare how The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges and John Gill's Exposition read this verse. Where do they agree or differ?
Things to notice
- This verse counts 8 Hebrew ↔ 13 Greek words.
- These translations choose different wording for 11 words in this verse.
- 8 distinct Hebrew lemmas span 8 words in this verse.
Commentary
Notes on Deuteronomy 26:6 from classic Christian and Jewish commentators (each source and its license shown beneath its notes). The classic Christian expositions comment on the surrounding passage and are grouped to its opening verse, so a note may address several verses; the Jewish commentaries on the Tanakh (Rashi and others) are per-verse, so they appear only where the commentator wrote on this verse.
Lemma curates 59 commentaries, every one of them public domain or Creative Commons licensed, each selected and text-cleaned for this edition rather than reprinted as found. About our sources →
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
John Gill's Exposition
John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.
The Pulpit Commentary
The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.
unfoldingWord translationNotes
Door43 World Missions Community
unfoldingWord translationNotes — © Distant Shores Media and the Door43 World Missions Community, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: git.door43.org/Door43/en_tn.