2 Samuel 16:13

Hebrew (Westminster Leningrad Codex) 2 Samuel 16:13 appears in the Hebrew Old Testament. The text above is from the Westminster Leningrad Codex. Each word links to its Strong’s number, a concise gloss, and parsing drawn from the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible morphology. Click any word for its full Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB) entry.
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2 Samuel 16:13 (World English Bible). Public Domain. Lemma interlinear Bible study tool, https://lemma.gebible.app/v/2-samuel/16/13.

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English Translation
So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
World English Bible · Public Domain
Highlights
  • 1 hapax legomenon — only here in the Hebrew Bible
  • 1 first appearance in the Hebrew Bible
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Compare translations 3

The same verse in 3 English versions, stacked beneath the original-language interlinear above. Click any original word for its lexicon entry.

Each is an independent rendering of the whole verse — the interlinear is not word-aligned to these translations.

Highlighted words mark where these versions differ — a whole-verse word diff, not a word-by-word alignment.

  • World English Bible Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • King James Version Public Domain
    And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
    So David and his men walked on the road, and Shimei was walking on the side of the hill beside him, walking and he cursed, and he stoned with stones beside him, and he dusted with dust.

unfoldingWord Literal Text — © unfoldingWord, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Word-aligned USFM3 via Door43 (git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ult).

Versions to compare (up to 4)

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Show all 18 translations

Every available English version of this verse, each an independent rendering of the whole verse.

  • World English Bible Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
    So David and his men proceeded along the road as Shimei went along the ridge of the hill opposite him. As Shimei went, he yelled curses, threw stones, and flung dust at David.
  • Majority Standard Bible Public Domain
    So David and his men proceeded along the road as Shimei went along the ridge of the hill opposite him. As Shimei went, he yelled curses, threw stones, and flung dust at David.
  • King James Version Public Domain
    And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • American Standard Version (1901) Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • Revised Version (1885) Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way: and Shimei went along on the hill side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • Geneva Bible (1599) Public Domain
    And as Dauid and his men went by the way, Shimei went by the side of the mountaine ouer against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones against him, and cast dust.
  • Douay-Rheims (1899) Public Domain
    And David and his men with him went by the way. And Semei by the hill's side went over against him, cursing, and casting stones at him, and scattering earth.
  • Young's Literal Translation Public Domain
    And David goeth with his men in the way, and Shimei is going at the side of the hill over-against him, going on, and he revileth, and stoneth with stones over-against him, and hath dusted with dust.
  • Literal Standard Version CC BY-SA 4.0
    And David goes with his men in the way, and Shimei is going at the side of the hill opposite him, going on, and he reviles, and stones with stones close by him, and has dusted with dust.
  • Unlocked Literal Bible CC BY-SA 4.0
    So David and his men traveled on the road, while Shimei went beside him up on the hillside, cursing and throwing dust and stones at him as he went.
  • unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
    So David and his men walked on the road, and Shimei was walking on the side of the hill beside him, walking and he cursed, and he stoned with stones beside him, and he dusted with dust.
  • Darby Bible Public Domain
    And David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • World Messianic Bible Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hillside opposite him and cursed as he went, threw stones at him, and threw dust.
  • Webster's Bible Public Domain
    And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.
  • Free Bible Version CC BY-SA 4.0
    David and his men continued down the road, with Shimei keeping up with them on the hillside opposite. He went on cursing as he went along, throwing stones and dirt at David.
  • Bible in Basic English Public Domain
    So David and his men went on their way: and Shimei went by the hillside parallel with them, cursing and sending stones and dust at him.
  • JPS Tanakh (1917) Public Domain
    So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.

Literal Standard Version (2020), Covenant Press — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org). Unlocked Literal Bible (unfoldingWord) — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org). unfoldingWord Literal Text — © unfoldingWord, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Word-aligned USFM3 via Door43 (git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ult). Free Bible Version, Dr. Jonathan Gallagher — licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Text via the HelloAO Bible API (eBible.org).

Word by word

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וְעִפַּ֖ר
ʻâphar
H6080
“and · to dust”
Conjunction + Verb, Piel, Sequential Perfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
Part of Speech
Conjunction + Verb
Stem
Piel
Form
Sequential Perfect
Person
3rd Person
Gender
Masculine
Number
Singular
Full BDB Definition

Origin: a primitive root: meaning either to be gray or perhaps rather to pulverise; used only as denominative from H6083 , to be dust

TWOT: 1664

(Piel) to dust, powder
  1. וַיֵּ֧לֶךְ yâlak H3212 “and · to walk” Conjunction + Verb, Qal, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  2. דָּוִ֛ד Dâvid H1732 “David” Noun, Proper
  3. וַאֲנָשָׁ֖יו ʼîysh H376 “and · men · his” Conjunction + Noun, Common, Masculine, Plural, Construct + Suffix, Personal, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  4. בַּדָּ֑רֶךְ derek H1870 “in/at the · way” Preposition, Determined + Noun, Common, Both, Singular, Absolute
  5. וְשִׁמְעִ֡י Shimʻîy H8096 “and · Shimei” Conjunction + Noun, Proper
  6. הֹלֵךְ֩ hâlak H1980 “walking” Verb, Qal, Participle Active, Masculine, Singular, Absolute
  7. בְּצֵ֨לַע tsêlâʻ H6763 “in/at · rib of” Preposition + Noun, Common, Both, Singular, Construct
  8. הָהָ֜ר har H2022 “the · mountain” Particle, Definite Article + Noun, Common, Masculine, Singular, Absolute
  9. לְעֻמָּת֗וֹ ʻummâh H5980 “to/for · beside · his” Preposition + Noun, Common, Feminine, Singular, Construct + Suffix, Personal, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  10. הָלוֹךְ֙ hâlak H1980 “to walk” Verb, Qal, Infinitive Absolute
  11. וַיְקַלֵּ֔ל qâlal H7043 “and · to be light” Conjunction + Verb, Piel, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  12. וַיְסַקֵּ֤ל çâqal H5619 “and · to stone” Conjunction + Verb, Piel, Sequential Imperfect, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  13. בָּֽאֲבָנִים֙ ʼeben H68 “in/at the · stones” Preposition, Determined + Noun, Common, Feminine, Plural, Absolute
  14. לְעֻמָּת֔וֹ ʻummâh H5980 “to/for · beside · his” Preposition + Noun, Common, Feminine, Singular, Construct + Suffix, Personal, 3rd Person, Masculine, Singular
  15. בֶּעָפָֽר ʻâphâr H6083 “in/at the · dust” Preposition, Determined + Noun, Common, Masculine, Singular, Absolute

About this verse

These counts appear in no published source. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged text and Lemma’s own curated glosses. What Lemma adds →

16
words
14
distinct lemmas
Historical
section

Notable vocabulary

1 hapax legomenon — a word that appears only here in the entire Hebrew Bible:

  • וְעִפַּ֖ר to dust H6080

First appearance in Scripture

This word makes its first canonical appearance in the Hebrew Bible here:

  • וְעִפַּ֖ר to dust H6080

Shared distinctive vocabulary

וַיְסַקֵּ֤ל to stone H5619 occurs in 20 verses of the Hebrew Bible. Also found in:

Grammatical profile

  • 6 verbs
  • 10 nouns

Verb forms

  • וַיֵּ֧לֶךְ Qal · Sequential Imperfect
  • הֹלֵךְ֩ Qal · Participle Active
  • הָלוֹךְ֙ Qal · Infinitive Absolute
  • וַיְקַלֵּ֔ל Piel · Sequential Imperfect
  • וַיְסַקֵּ֤ל Piel · Sequential Imperfect
  • וְעִפַּ֖ר Piel · Sequential Perfect

Repetition

Words recur within this verse — often emphatic in Hebrew:

  • הֹלֵךְ֩ to walk H1980 ×2
  • לְעֻמָּת֗וֹ beside H5980 ×2

Hebrew & Septuagint length

In English translation the verse runs 32 words from the Hebrew and 38 from the Septuagint (LXX English) — closely comparable.

A rough comparison of the two English renderings, which tokenize alike — not a word-level alignment.

Word counts can differ between the Hebrew and the Greek without any difference in meaning — e.g. the Hebrew direct-object marker אֵת has no separate Greek word, and Greek often adds the article ὁ.

Cross-references

1

Topical passages linked to 2 Samuel 16:13 in the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — connected by theme and wording, ordered by reader-vote popularity; previews shown in the World English Bible.

  • Acts 23:23 He called to himself two of the centurions, and said, "Prepare two hundred soldiers to go as far as Caesarea, with seventy horsemen, and two hundred men armed with spears, at the third hour of the night."

Cross-references courtesy of OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0).

Hebrew and Greek witnesses Masoretic Hebrew ↔ Greek Septuagint

The same verse in the two great witnesses to the Old Testament, shown verse-for-verse.

These are two independent witnesses, not word-aligned to each other, and the Septuagint is shown in lemma (dictionary) form.

Hebrew 2 Samuel 16:13 Masoretic · Westminster Leningrad Codex

וַיֵּ֧לֶךְ דָּוִ֛ד וַאֲנָשָׁ֖יו בַּדָּ֑רֶךְ וְשִׁמְעִ֡י הֹלֵךְ֩ בְּצֵ֨לַע הָהָ֜ר לְעֻמָּת֗וֹ הָלוֹךְ֙ וַיְקַלֵּ֔ל וַיְסַקֵּ֤ל בָּֽאֲבָנִים֙ לְעֻמָּת֔וֹ וְעִפַּ֖ר בֶּעָפָֽר

So David and his men went by the way; and Shimei went along on the hill-side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.

World English Bible · Public Domain

Greek LXX 2 Samuel 16:13 Septuagint · lemma form

καί πορεύομαι δαυίδ καί ὁ ἀνήρ αὐτός ἐν ὁ ὁδός καί σεμεϊ πορεύομαι ἐκ πλευρά ὁ ὄρος ἔχω αὐτός πορεύομαι καί ἀράομαι καί λιθάζω ἐν λίθος ἐκ πλάγιος αὐτός καί ὁ χοῦς πάσσω

And David and all the men with him went on the way: and Semei went by the side of the hill next to him, cursing as he went, and casting stones at him, and sprinkling him with dirt.

LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) · Public Domain

Hebrew: Westminster Leningrad Codex (CC BY 4.0). Greek: Septuagint (public domain); English from LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) (Public Domain). How the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew →

Targum (Aramaic paraphrase)

1

The Targum is the ancient Jewish Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Scriptures — an interpretive translation, not the Hebrew text itself. Onkelos (literal) and Pseudo-Jonathan (expansive) render the Torah, and Jonathan the Prophets. Coverage is partial: where no permissively-licensed English translation exists for a verse, only the Aramaic is shown. This is verse-level text, not a word-by-word alignment to the Hebrew.

  1. Targum Jonathan Prophets (Joshua–Malachi)
    וַאֲזַל דָוִד וְגַבְרוֹהִי בְּאוֹרְחָא וְשִׁמְעִי אָזֵיל בִּסְטַר טוּרָא לְקִבְלֵיהּ אָזֵיל וּמְלַטֵט וּמְרַגֵם בְּאַבְנַיָא לְקִיבְלֵיהּ וּמַשְׁדֵי עַפְרָא:

    (no public-domain English translation for this verse)

    Targum Jonathan — Aramaic: “Mikraot Gedolot” (public domain). English: “Sefaria Community Translation” (CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication)); “London "Chaldee Paraphrase," 1871” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.

Commentary

Notes on 2 Samuel 16:13 from classic Christian and Jewish commentators (each source and its license shown beneath its notes). The classic Christian expositions comment on the surrounding passage and are grouped to its opening verse, so a note may address several verses; the Jewish commentaries on the Tanakh (Rashi and others) are per-verse, so they appear only where the commentator wrote on this verse.

Lemma curates 59 commentaries, every one of them public domain or Creative Commons licensed, each selected and text-cleaned for this edition rather than reprinted as found. About our sources →

Trapp's Complete Commentary

John Trapp

2Sa 16:13 And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill’s side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.

Ver. 13. And cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust.] Heb., Dusted him with dust: and this he did all along the way, till David came to Bahurim. He bravely contemned all these contumelies and indignities; and by a happy composedness set himself above the flight of the injurious claw, wherein also he became a type of Christ, "who when he was reviled, reviled not again, when he suffered, he threatened not, but committed his cause to him that judgeth righteously." {1Pe 2:23}

John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

Joseph Benson's Commentary

2Sa 16:13. Shimei went along on the hill’s side — David’s patience but more inflamed Shimei’s insolence. And as David and his servants marched along, Shimei kept pace with them upon the side of an adjacent hill; and still continued cursing, reviling, and throwing dust and stones unchastised. David, however, endured it all, and when he was reviled, he reviled not again; but committed his cause to Him that judgeth righteously. How far he was, in this instance, an emblem of his suffering Son, is not hard to discern, or adventurous to assert. — Delaney.

Joseph Benson's Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1811–1818) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown

Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset & David Brown

went along on the hill's side over against him--as he descended the rough road on the eastern side of the Mount of Olives, "went along on the hill's side"--literally, "the rib of the hill."

threw stones at him--as a mark of contempt and insult.

cast dust--As if to add insult to injury, clouds of dust were thrown by this disloyal subject in the path of his unfortunate sovereign.

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown — Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne

13. on the hill’s side] See note on 2Sa_16:6.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Gill's Exposition

And as David and his men went by the way,.... In the high road that led to Bahurim, taking no notice of the cursing of Shimei, which made him bolder and more impudent; here is a large pause in the Hebrew text, in the midst of this verse:

Shimei went along on the hill side over against him; as David and his men walked in the plain, he went on a range of hills that ran along right against them:

and cursed as he went; continued his curses and imprecations, to which he was the more emboldened by the behaviour of David and his men:

and threw stones at him, and cast dust; in a way of contempt, though the stones recoiled on his own head, and the dust flew in his own face, as the consequence of things showed; and now David composed and penned the seventh psalm, Psa 7:1.

John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary

Earth, like a man in fury, Acts xxii. 23.

George Leo Haydock (1774–1849), Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary, 1859 edition — public domain. Excludes Psalms (Douay-Rheims chapter numbering differs from Protestant) and Deuterocanonical books (Catholic canon only).

Matthew Poole's English Annotations

Not that he could reach him or hurt him with it; but only as an expression of contempt. And the like is to be thought concerning the stones, wherewith he could not think to reach David, when he was encamped with his men on every side.

Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.

Keil & Delitzsch

C. F. Keil & F. Delitzsch

"So David went with his men on the way, whilst Shimei went on the slope of the hill opposite to him, cursing continually, and pelted with stones over against him, and with earth." לעמּתו means over against him in both instances. It is not expressly stated that Shimei threw stones and earth at David, but this is implied in the context.

Keil & Delitzsch — Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament (1861–1891) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API. (Old Testament only.)

unfoldingWord translationNotes

Door43 World Missions Community

Shimei went beside him up on the hillside

Shimei was walking parallel to David and his men, though Shimei was up higher on the hillside.

translationWords

David

Shimei

curse

king

unfoldingWord translationNotes — © Distant Shores Media and the Door43 World Missions Community, licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: git.door43.org/Door43/en_tn.

Lesson kit

Teaching starters — assembled from the data on this page, not authored interpretation. Every prompt links to the verse data it draws on. Edit before teaching.

2 Samuel, in the Historical, opens this verse with 16 words (14 distinct Hebrew lemmas). Its most distinctive word is ʻâphar (“to dust”). A historical commentator’s framing appears above. Read the whole chapter for the surrounding context.

Discussion questions

  1. How does “to dust” (ʻâphar) shape what this verse is saying?
  2. This verse holds 1 word here found nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. What might the rare word draw attention to?
  3. The word “to dust” first appears here in Scripture. What is being introduced at this debut?
  4. Exodus 8:26 shares the word «to stone» with this verse. How do the two illuminate each other?
  5. “to walk” occurs 2× in this one verse. What is the effect of the repetition?
  6. These translations render this verse differently; the difference is in the English rendering, not the original. What questions does that raise?
  7. The verb «וַיֵּ֧לֶךְ» is Qal Sequential Imperfect. How does its form color the action?
  8. Reading how Trapp's Complete Commentary and Joseph Benson's Commentary read this verse, where do the two commentators agree and where do they part?

Things to notice

  • 1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible.
  • 1 word makes its first canonical appearance in Scripture here.
  • These translations choose different wording for 17 words in this verse.
  • “to walk” occurs 2× in this single verse.
  • 14 distinct Hebrew lemmas span 16 words in this verse.

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English shown for the Greek Septuagint (in the Hebrew ↔ Greek comparison).

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