Joshua 10:23

Hebrew (Westminster Leningrad Codex)

English Translation

They did so, and brought forth those five kings to him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon.

World English Bible · Public Domain

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יַרְמ֔וּת

Yarmûwth

H3412

“Jarmuth”

Noun, Proper

Appears 7× in the Hebrew Bible
First appears at Joshua 10:3

Full BDB Definition

Origin: from H7311

TWOT: None

Jarmuth = "heights" - a Canaanitish city in the lowlands of Judah with a king and located between Hebron and Lachish - a Levitical city of Issachar allocated to the Gershonite Levites

About this verse

These counts appear in no published source. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged text and Lemma’s own curated glosses. What Lemma adds →

25: words
15: distinct lemmas
Historical: section

Notable vocabulary

The rarest word here is יַרְמ֔וּת Jarmuth H3412 — appearing just 7 times in the whole Hebrew Bible.

Shared distinctive vocabulary

יַרְמ֔וּת Jarmuth H3412 occurs in 7 verses of the Hebrew Bible. Also found in:

Grammatical profile

2 verbs
12 nouns
1 adjective
1 pronoun
2 prepositions
1 adverb
6 particles

Verb forms

וַיַּ֣עֲשׂוּ Qal · Sequential Imperfect
וַיֹּצִ֣יאוּ Hiphil · Sequential Imperfect

Repetition

A word recurs within this verse — often emphatic in Hebrew:

הַמְּלָכִ֥ים king H4428 ×6

Hebrew & Septuagint length

In English translation the verse runs 35 words from the Hebrew and 35 from the Septuagint (LXX English) — the same length.

A rough comparison of the two English renderings, which tokenize alike — not a word-level alignment.

Word counts can differ between the Hebrew and the Greek without any difference in meaning — e.g. the Hebrew direct-object marker אֵת has no separate Greek word, and Greek often adds the article ὁ.

In the original languages it is 25 Hebrew tokens and 27 Greek tokens — but the two are counted differently (Hebrew bundles its prefixes and suffixes into one token; the Greek is in lemma form), so that isn’t a like-for-like length.

Cross-references

Topical passages linked to Joshua 10:23 in the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — connected by theme and wording, ordered by reader-vote popularity; previews shown in the World English Bible.

Joshua 10:1 Now it happened, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;
Joshua 10:3 Therefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, and to Piram king of Jarmuth, and to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Eglon, saying,
Joshua 10:5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped against Gibeon, and made war against it.

Cross-references courtesy of OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0).

Hebrew and Greek witnesses Masoretic Hebrew ↔ Greek Septuagint

The same verse in the two great witnesses to the Old Testament, shown verse-for-verse.

These are two independent witnesses, not word-aligned to each other, and the Septuagint is shown in lemma (dictionary) form.

Hebrew Joshua 10:23 Masoretic · Westminster Leningrad Codex

וַיַּ֣עֲשׂוּ כֵ֔ן וַיֹּצִ֣יאוּ אֵלָ֗יו אֶת חֲמֵ֛שֶׁת הַמְּלָכִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה מִן הַמְּעָרָ֑ה אֵ֣ת מֶ֣לֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם אֶת מֶ֤לֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן֙ אֶת מֶ֣לֶךְ יַרְמ֔וּת אֶת מֶ֥לֶךְ לָכִ֖ישׁ אֶת מֶ֥לֶךְ עֶגְלֽוֹן

They did so, and brought forth those five kings to him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon.

World English Bible · Public Domain

Greek LXX Joshua 10:23 Septuagint · lemma form

καί ἐκἄγω ὁ πέντε βασιλεύς ἐκ ὁ σπήλαιον ὁ βασιλεύς ἰερουσαλήμ καί ὁ βασιλεύς χεβρων καί ὁ βασιλεύς ιεριμουθ καί ὁ βασιλεύς λαχις καί ὁ βασιλεύς οδολλαμ

And they brought out the five kings out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, and the king of Chebron, and the king of Jerimuth, and the king of Lachis, and the king of Odollam.

LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) · Public Domain

On this verse, The Pulpit Commentary discusses the Septuagint’s reading. Read the note in Commentary ↓

Hebrew: Westminster Leningrad Codex (CC BY 4.0). Greek: Septuagint (public domain); English from LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) (Public Domain). How the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew →

Targum (Aramaic paraphrase)

The Targum is the ancient Jewish Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Scriptures — an interpretive translation, not the Hebrew text itself. Onkelos (literal) and Pseudo-Jonathan (expansive) render the Torah, and Jonathan the Prophets. Coverage is partial: where no permissively-licensed English translation exists for a verse, only the Aramaic is shown. This is verse-level text, not a word-by-word alignment to the Hebrew.

Targum Jonathan Prophets (Joshua–Malachi)

וַעֲבַדוּ כֵן וְאַפִּיקוּ לְוָתֵיהּ יַת חַמְשָׁא מַלְכַיָא הָאִלֵין מִן מְעַרְתָּא יַת מַלְכָּא דִירוּשְׁלֵם יַת מַלְכָּא דְחֶבְרוֹן יַת מַלְכָּא דְיַרְמוּת יַת מַלְכָּא דְלָכִישׁ יַת מַלְכָּא דְעֶגְלוֹן:

(no public-domain English translation for this verse)

Targum Jonathan — Aramaic: “Mikraot Gedolot” (public domain). English: “Sefaria Community Translation” (CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication)); “London "Chaldee Paraphrase," 1871” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.

Commentary

Notes on Joshua 10:23 from classic Christian and Jewish commentators (each source and its license shown beneath its notes). The classic Christian expositions comment on the surrounding passage and are grouped to its opening verse, so a note may address several verses; the Jewish commentaries on the Tanakh (Rashi and others) are per-verse, so they appear only where the commentator wrote on this verse.

Lemma curates 59 commentaries, every one of them public domain or Creative Commons licensed, each selected and text-cleaned for this edition rather than reprinted as found. About our sources →

Trapp's Complete Commentary

John Trapp

Jos 10:23 And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, [and] the king of Eglon.

Ver. 23. {See Trapp on "Jos 10:22"}

John Trapp, A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the Old and New Testament (1647–1656) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne

23. the king of Jerusalem] Observe the rhythmic roll of the enumeration of the kings and the cities over which they ruled.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Gill's Exposition

And it came to pass, when they brought out these kings unto Joshua,.... And set them before him, and he had passed sentence on them:

that he called for all the men of Israel; that is, for the chief men, the principal officers of the army:

and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him; the chiliarchs and centurions, the captains of thousands and hundreds, of the several regiments in the army who went out to battle with him, and under him:

come near, put your feet on the necks of these kings; not in a contemptuous and insulting manner, not through vanity and haughtiness, but for the mortification of the kings; and as a token of their extreme subjection, and as a proper punishment for their crimes of idolatry, tyranny, and cruelty; and by way of terror to others of the kings of Canaan that should fight against them, and as a pledge and confirmation of the subjection of the rest, as well as to fulfil the promises and predictions of God, Deu 33:29; and which was done not of himself, but by the order, and according to the will of God:

and they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them; as Joshua ordered them, and in obedience to him their general.

John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

The Pulpit Commentary

The king of Jerusalem. The names of the kings are mentioned to emphasise the significance of the action recorded in the next Terse. The LXX has Odollam again here,

The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

Lesson kit

Teaching starters — assembled from the data on this page, not authored interpretation. Every prompt links to the verse data it draws on. Edit before teaching.

Joshua, in the Historical, opens this verse with 25 words (15 distinct Hebrew lemmas). Its most distinctive word is Yarmûwth (“Jarmuth”). A historical commentator’s framing appears above. Read the whole chapter for the surrounding context.

Discussion questions

How does “Jarmuth” (Yarmûwth) shape what this verse is saying?
Joshua 10:3 shares the word «Jarmuth» with this verse. How do the two illuminate each other?
“king” occurs 6× in this one verse. What is the effect of the repetition?
The translations on this page render this verse differently — a whole-verse word diff, not a word-by-word alignment. What might account for the different wordings?
The verb «וַיַּ֣עֲשׂוּ» is Qal Sequential Imperfect. How does its form color the action?
Reading how Trapp's Complete Commentary and The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges read this verse, where do the two commentators agree and where do they part?

Things to notice

This verse counts 25 Hebrew ↔ 27 Greek words.
These translations choose different wording for 1 word in this verse.
“king” occurs 6× in this single verse.
15 distinct Hebrew lemmas span 25 words in this verse.