קְשִׁי
stubbornness
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Noun
- A naming word — a person, place, thing, or idea.
Noun type
- Common
- A common noun — a general class of person, place, or thing (“king,” “city,” “water”), not a specific name.
State
- Construct
- A noun bound to a following noun in a possessive / “of” relationship (the construct chain).
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
Number
- Singular
- One.
Every verse where H7190 appears — 1 distinct verse across 1 book. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Deuteronomy 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
The Hebrew noun קשי centers on the idea of “stubbornness.” A scarce word — 1 verse in all of the Hebrew Bible. The word gravitates to Deuteronomy (100%). Found nowhere else but Deuteronomy 9:27. It shares a root with קשה, מקשה and קשה. For the data behind this summary, explore the sense tree and the renderings breakdown below.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H7190 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 1
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 1 distinct verse.
- 1 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 1 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #6,101
- by frequency
- Rank #6,101 (rank 6,101 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 1 occurrence in the concordance →
Most concentrated in
- Deuteronomy 1 verse 100%
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 1 distinct verse.
- Torah (Pentateuch) 1 verse · 100%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Stubbornness 1×
- American Standard Version: Stubbornness 1×
- Berean Standard Bible: Stubbornness 1×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Stiffness of 1×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H7190 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H7190 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H7190 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H7190 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Senses in BDB
The 1 sense BDB distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency or importance). The full entry — with sub-senses — is in the Lexicon Entry tab.
- stubbornness, obstinacy
Word origin
n.[m.] stubbornness;—cstr. Dt 9:27.
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Derived from קשה (qâshâh) (H7185) — to be hard.
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
קשי
- (b. h.) to be stiff, hard, difficult. Y. Ber. I, 2ᶜ top קָשְׁתָה על דעתך this is difficult according to (not reconcilable with) thy opinion; ib. למה א"ל קשתה (not קשתיה) why did he say to him, it is difficult?—V. קָשֶׁה.
- (קִישְּׁתָה, with לילד or without) to have hard labor in travailing. Ḥull. IV, 1 בהמה המְקַשָּׁה לילד וכ׳ if an animal is in labor, and &c., v. עוּבָּר. Nidd. IV, 4 קִשְּׁתָה שלשה וכ׳ if she was in pain for three days within eleven days; Tosef. ib. V, 8 קִישֵּׁת, קִשֵּׁת. Ib. 10; a. fr.—[Gen. R. s. 61 שהיו מקשין וכ׳, read: מקישין, v. נָקַשׁ.]
- 1. to stiffen, harden. Nidd. 13ᵇ המַקְשֶׁה עצמו וכ׳ he who causes erection wilfully. Ex. R. s. 11 הרשע הזה ה׳ את לבו וכ׳ this wicked (Pharaoh) hardened his heart against the first three signs; a. e.
- 2. to become hard. Y. Pes. VI, 35ᵇ top שסופו להַקְשׁוֹת which gets hard in the course of time. Shebi. II, 10 אם הִקְשׁוּ וכ׳ (Y. ed. a. Bart. הוּקְשׁוּ Hof.) if they became hard (dry) and unfit for man to eat before New Year. (Y. ib. 34ᵃ bot. הקשו a. הוקשו).
- 3. to be severe. Gen. R. s. 19, opp. ריתה, v. רָתָה.
- 1. to become hard, v. supra.
- 2. to be found hard, distasteful. Tanḥ. Sh’laḥ 5; Num. R. s. 16 ה׳ הדבר והרע וכ׳ the thing was distasteful to and displeased his father.
- 1. to suffer severely (in travailing). Gen. R. s. 84 נִתְקַשֵּׁת אמו וכ׳ his mother was in hard labor at his birth.
- 2. to become hard, stiff. Tosef. Nidd. VI, 4 משׁיִתְקַשּׁוּ, v. קִשְׁקֵשׁ I, a. II. Gen. R. s. 98, a. שׁנִתְקַשֵּׁיתָה, v. קַשְׁיוּת.
- 3. to find one’s self in difficulty, to be perplexed, unable to understand or remember. Num. R. s. 15 beg. נ׳ משה במעשה וכ׳ Moses found the work of the candlestick more difficult to understand than &c.; כיון שנ׳ אמר וכ׳ when he still could not remember it, the Lord said &c. Ib.10; Tanḥ. B’haʿăl. 6 נִתְקַשֵּׁיתִי לעשותה I could not understand how to do it. Ib. נ׳ על משה it was too difficult for Moses; a. fr.
- 4. to be reluctant, strive against. Tanḥ. Sh’moth 18 כמה נ׳ יונה שלא וכ׳ how hard did Jonah strive not to go on his mission. Deut. R. s. 9 מִתְקַשֶּׁה כנגדו (the sun) refused to obey; a. e.
- 5. to make one’s self obnoxious. Gen. R. s. 61; Yalk. Chr. 1073 (play on יקשן, Gen. XXV, 2) שהיו מִתְקַשִּׁין בעולם they were obnoxious to the world (were hard to deal with); (Midr. Till. to Ps. XCII ed. Bub. שהיו בני אדם קשין). e.g. Genesis 25:2
קְשֵׁי
- 1. to be hard, difficult. Targ. Deut. I, 17. Ib. XV, 18; a. e.—Yoma 28ᵇ קָשׁוּ משמשא are harder (on the eye) &c., v. שַׁבְרִירֵי; a. fr.
- 2. to find a thing difficult to understand, to object, argue against, dispute. Y. Ter. V, 43ᶜ bot. ר׳ סימון קַשְׁיְיתָהּ … קיימה R. Simon argued against it (refuted it), but R. Ba. … proved it to be correct. Y. Kidd. III, 64ᶜ top [read:] לא כבר קְשׁוּנְתָּהּ הרי עולם לא כבר קַשְׁיְתָהּ וכ׳ have not mountains of the world (great scholars) disputed it? did not R. El. dispute it in the presence of &c.; Y. Ned. VIII, 40ᵈ sq. (corr. acc.). B. Kam. 66ᵇ האי מילתא ק׳ בה רבה לרב וכ׳ Rabbah argued this difficulty before R. Joseph for twenty-two years, and it was not solved; Keth. 42ᵇ האי … קְשָׁאֵי רבה ורב וכ׳ Rabbah and R. Joseph discussed this difficulty &c.—Part. קָשֵׁי; f. קַשְׁיָא, q. v.
- 3. to get old, v. קְשַׁשׁ II.
- 1. to be in pain of travailing. Targ. Gen. XXXV, 17 בקַשָּׁיוּתָהּ (not בקַשְׁיוּ׳). Targ. O. ib. 16 (Y. II Ithpa.).
- 2. to perplex. Pes. 78ᵇ מתניתן קַשִּׁיתֵיה וכ׳ the Mishnah perplexed him; why does it read &c.
- 1. to harden, make difficult. Targ. Ex. VII, 3. Targ. II Kings II, 10. Targ. I Kings XII, 4. Targ. Ps. XCV, 8; a. fr.
- 2. to be hard on, press heavily. Cant. R. to II, 16 כד הוה צערא קשי עלוי … וכד הוה מַקְשֵׁי וכ׳ when his suffering was severe, he said, God the faithful, but when it was severer on him than necessary &c.
- 3. to argue against, object, dispute. Targ. Job VI, 6 Ms. Var. מדלית מַקְשׁה עליה when there is none to dispute it.—Yeb. 77ᵃ top א׳ להו דואג כל הני קושייתא Doeg brought up before them all those arguments. Y. Yoma I, 38ᵈ bot. עד דאת מַקְשֵׁי … קְשַׁיְיתָהּ על וכ׳ (not קשייתא) instead of offering objection against R. J., rather offer it against &c.; a. v. fr.
- 1. to be in pain of travailing. Targ. Y. II, Gen. XXXV, 16, v. supra.
- 2. to be difficult, perplexing. Yeb. 40ᵃ ומִיקְּשֵׁה היא דאיקשי לך וכ׳ (Rashi דקשיא) it was perplexing to thee, and thou didst reverse it.
קְשִׁי
- (b. h.) = קוֹשִׁי, hardness, stiffness; difficulty. Tanḥ. Sh’laḥ ed. Bub., supplement 14 אל תבט בק׳ ערפם look not at their stiffneckedness; Num. R. s. 16 end בקשה (corr. acc.).—Pl. קְשָׁיִין. Sifré Deut. 305 אין חבר נקנה אלא בקשי ק׳ a friend can be acquired only with the greatest difficulty.
קָשֵׁי
- c. = h. קָשֶׁה, hard, strong, heavy, difficult. Targ. Ex. VI, 9. Targ. Y. ib. 12. Targ. Gen. XLIX, 7. Targ. Is. XIX, 4. Targ. Ps. LX, 5; a. fr.—Targ. Y. Num. VIII, 4 מינא ק׳ something hard to understand (v. Num. R. s. 15, quot. s. v. קָשָׁה Nithpa.).—Yoma 28ᵇ ק׳ משימשא is harder to bear &c., v. זוֹהֲמָא. Ib. 29ᵃ ק׳,מקייטא v. קַיְטָא. B. Mets. 85ᵃ ק׳ יומא דמיטרא וכ׳ a rainy day (preventing people from pursuing their vocations) is as hard as the day of judgment; Taan. 8ᵇ קשה (Rashi קשי); a. v. fr.—Pl. קָשִׁין, קָשַׁיָּיא, קָשָׁן; קַשְׁיָין, קַשְׁיָיתָא. Targ. I Sam. XX, 10. Targ. II Sam. III, 39. Targ. II Esth. IV, 1; a. fr.—Y. Sabb. VIII, 11ᵇ. Koh. R. to III, 2 מן קל מיליא קַשְׁיָיאתָא וכ׳ on account of the hard things that I hear &c.; a. e.
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H7190, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derives from
Shares the same root
Proper names from this root
People and places named from this root — a name, not an additional meaning of the word.
Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 6 — not the complete family. 1 of the same-root words is a proper name (a person or place). They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 1 verse that also exists in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 1 Hebrew verse it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
