טָרָף
fresh
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Adjective
- A word that describes or qualifies a noun.
State
- Absolute
- The independent form of a noun, not bound to a following word.
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
Number
- Singular
- One.
Every verse where H2965 appears — 1 distinct verse across 1 book. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Genesis 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
טרף — transliterated ṭârâph — is a Hebrew adjective carrying the sense “fresh.” A scarce word — 1 verse in all of the Hebrew Bible. Its uses cluster heavily in Genesis (100% of all occurrences). It occurs only once, in Genesis 8:11. From the same root come טרף and טרף. Each statement above links to its evidence; the full detail follows below.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H2965 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 1
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 1 distinct verse.
- 1 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 1 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #6,101
- by frequency
- Rank #6,101 (rank 6,101 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 1 occurrence in the concordance →
Most concentrated in
- Genesis 1 verse 100%
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 1 distinct verse.
- Torah (Pentateuch) 1 verse · 100%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Pluckt off 1×
- American Standard Version: Plucked off 1×
- Berean Standard Bible: Foliage 1×, Freshly plucked 1×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Freshly picked 1×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H2965 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H2965 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H2965 across 2 tagged occurrences — most commonly:
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H2965 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Senses in BDB
The 1 sense BDB distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency or importance). The full entry — with sub-senses — is in the Lexicon Entry tab.
- freshly picked, freshly plucked, fresh-plucked
Word origin
†adj. fresh-plucked (Aramaic ܛܰܪܦܳܐ, טַרְפָּא fresh leaf)—עֲלֵה זַיִת טָרָף Gn 8:11 (J) a fresh-plucked olive leaf.
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Derived from טרף (ṭâraph) (H2963) — to tear.
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
טָרַף
- [to move with vehemence,]
- 1. to tear, prey. Lev. R. s. 26 טוֹרֵף ואוכל tears in order to satisfy his appetite. Koh. R. to X, 11 הארי ט׳ the lion goes out for prey. Sot. 47ᵇ טוֹרְפֵי טֶרֶף those robbing (the poor). Zeb. 53ᵇ חלקו של טוֹרֵף the territory of the tearer (wolf = Benjamin, Gen. XLIX, 27). B. Kam. 116ᵇ לטוֹרְפָהּ to plunder it; a. fr. e.g. Genesis 49:27
- 2. to cast with force, knock, strike against; to throw away, reject, eject. Ḥull. III, 3 טְרָפָהּ בכותל he cast or knocked the bird against the wall. Pesik. R. s. 11; Num. R. s. 2 מגרשה אני טוֹרְפָהּ אני I will divorce her, I will cast her out (cmp. טָרַד).—Ber. 5ᵇ טוֹרְפִין לו וכ׳ his prayer is thrown in his face (refused). Y. Yeb. XVI, 15ᵈ top טְרָפַנִי, v. טָרַד.
- 3. to seize forcibly. Yoma IV, 1 ט׳ בקלפי he took the ballot out with haste.—Esp. to seize for a debt. B. Mets. 15ᵃ ובא ב"ח וטְרָפָהּ and a creditor of the previous owner came and seized it, v. טִירְפָּא.
- 4. to chop, hash, to beat, mix. Sabb. XIX, 2 ט׳ יין ושמן beat wine and oil; a. e.—Part. pass. טָרוּף, f. טְרוּפָה. Ib. 38ᵃ בשר ט׳ chopped meat. Ab. Zar. II, 6, v. טָרִית. Y. Nidd. IV, 51ᵃ (of a foetus). Sabb. VIII, 5 (80ᵇ) ביצה ט׳ an egg beaten and mixed with oil; a. fr. V. טָרוּף.
- 5. to hackle, comb (flax or wool). Kil. IX, 1. Y. Orl. III, 63ᵃ; Y. Keth. VI, end, 31ᵃ צמר בכור שטְרָפוֹ wool of a first-born that has been hackled (and mixed up with, other wool).
- 6. to scrape, scour, to plane. Makhsh. II, 4 הטוֹרֵף את גגו (Var. המטהר) if one scrubs his roof; Tosef. ib. I, 8.
- 7. to make טְרֵפָה, to inflict an organic defect. Ḥull. 85ᵇ, sq. צא טְרוֹף go and maim the animal (before slaughtering it).
- 1. to become t’refah. Ib. 9ᵃ, a. e. במה נִטְרְפָה from what cause it became t’refah
- 2. to be in disorder, a) (with דעה, or לב) to be confused, bewildered, not fully conscious. Y. Sabb. II, 5ᵇ bot. נִטְרְפָה דעתו של אבא my father’s mind is unclear; Snh. 68ᵃ. Ib. 43ᵃ כדי שתִּטָּרֵף דעתו (not שתטרוף) that his (the culprit’s) consciousness may be benumbed; Num. R. s. 10.—Ib. נ׳ לבו his mind becomes confused (from drinking); a. fr.—b) (with שעה, of political disturbances) to be troubled. Snh. 11ᵃ; Sot. 48ᵇ; Tosef. ib. XIII, 5 נטרפה (ה)שעה the political condition was too much troubled (persecutions prevailing). Y. Dem. V, 24ᵈ bot.; a. e.
- 1. to shake vehemently, constantly. Succ. III, 9 כל העם מטָרְפִין בלולביהן ed. Y. (Mish. ed. Pes. מט׳את לול׳; ed. מנעועין) all the people shook their branches constantly (during the recitation at Hallel, contrad. to נענע).
- 2. to unbalance (the mind, cmp. טִלְטֵל).—Part. pass. מְטוֹרָף. Num. R. s. 10 לבו מ׳ וכ׳ his mind is disturbed and he talks improper things, v. supra.
- 3. to reject one’s petition, to refuse. Part. pass. מְטוֹרָף. Ber. V, 5 שהוא מ׳ that he (the patient for whom prayer is said) is rejected (bound to die), opp. מקובל accepted.
- 4. to disfigure, to make ungainly by spots, incisions &c., v. טָרוּף). Part. pass. as ab. Koh. R. to X, 11 the serpent is asked מפני מה גופך מט׳ why has thy body been disfigured (v. Gen. III, 14)? e.g. Genesis 3:14
- 5. to cast about (a ship on high sea), v. Hithpa.—Part. pass. as ab.; pl. מְטוֹרָפִים, מְטוֹרָפִין. Yeb. 47ᵃ, v. סָחַף.
- 1. to become t’refah, to be afflicted with a fatal organic disease. Num. R. s. 12, end; Cant. R. to VI, 4; Pesik. Vayhi p. 10ᵃ, a. e. לא הִטְרִיפוּ the animals were found to be free from an organic disease.—[
- 2. (in later liter.) to declare t’refah.]
- 3. (denom. of טֶרֶף) a) to cover with foliage. Yalk. Gen. 119, v. רָטַב.—b) to sprout with moisture, be sappy. Gen. R. s. 69 ה׳ מצות וכ׳ (Yalk. Jud. 38 הפריח) sprouted with good deeds &c., v. רָטַב.—[
- 4. to distribute food, v. טָרָף.]
- , Nithpa. נִיטָּרֵף to be tossed about, to be in a storm near the shore. Taan. III, 7 (19ᵃ) על הספינה המִיטָּרֶפֶת וכ׳ for a ship which is seen from the coast to be tossed about; Taan. 14ᵃ המְטוֹרֶפֶת (v. supra; Ar. ed. Koh. נִטְרֶפֶת Nif.). Tosef. Sabb. XIII (XIV), 11 נִיטָּרְפָה ספינה וכ׳ the ship has been thrown back several times (was prevented from landing by the breakers).
טְרַף I
- 1. to take by force, seize. B. Mets. 14ᵃ אתי … וטַרְפָהּ מיניה (not וטרפא) the creditor came and took it from him (by legal seizure); ib. וקא טָרֵיף ליה מיניה (Ms. H. וטַרְפָהּ מיניה).—ט׳ לקוחות to seize property sold by the debtor, v. לְקוּחוֹת. Ib. 19ᵃ; a. fr.
- 2. to throw, strike, knock down. Y. Snh. X, 29ᵃ וטָרֵיף לון לארעא and let them fall down. Lam. R. to I, 5 ויִטְרוֹף גרמיה and let him throw himself down. Ib. to IV, 2 טְרוֹף קולתיך וכ׳ cast down thy pitcher before me; a. fr.
- 3. to knock at, shake, rap. Ber. 28ᵃ ט׳ אבבא knocked at the door. Snh. 97ᵃ.—Ib. 67ᵇ ט׳ ליה בטבלא he struck the tabla before him; a. v. fr.—Trnsf. to carp at, to contest the validity of a decision. Y. Snh. I, beg. 18ᵃ בעי מִיטְרוֹף wanted to protest (against R. Isaac’s decision because he acted as a single judge).—5) to declare t’refah. Ḥull. 10ᵇ. Ib. 48ᵇ סבר … למִיטְרְפָהּ Mar … wanted to declare it t’refah; a. fr.—Part. pass. טָרִיף a) struck down (in the agony of death). Targ. Jud. III, 25; IV, 22 (h. text נֹפֵל). Lam. R. to IV, 5 טְרִיפִין בקיקלא (not טריפון) lying on dunghills.—b) thrown away. Y. Snh. X, 29ᵃ top הא טריפין לך they are thrown down before thee (cmp. טְרוּן).—c) (denom. of טרפא, v. טָרוּף) spotted, full of incisions; planed. Ned. 25ᵃ; Shebu. 29ᵇ, v. טָרוּף.—[Y. Shebi. I, end, 33ᶜ א"ר יודן כד טריפן לעוביה, read with R. S. to Shebi. I, 8: א"ר יודן בר טרפון or טריפון, לעוביה being a corrupt tautography of ליעז׳ ב"י = ליעזר בן יעקב.]
- 1. to knock, strike, dash. Targ. II Kings VIII, 12 (h. text רטש). Targ. Nah. II, 8 (h. text תפף).
- 2. to prey, wait for prey. Targ. Prov. XXIII, 28 מְטָרֵף.
- 3. to drive about. Part. pass. מְטַרַף. Targ. Y. I Ex. XIV, 3 (ed. Amst. מִטַּ׳ Ithpa.). Targ. Y. II, Num. XII, 12 מְטַרָפָא.—Trnsf. to agitate, trouble, v. infra.
- 1. to be knocked about, dashed; to be tossed about; to be in spasms. Targ. Is. XIII, 16. Ib. LI, 20; a. e.—Lev. R. s. 12 beg. כהד׳ אילפא דמִיטָּרְפָא וכ׳ like the ship that is tossed about in the breakers &c. Snh. 95ᵃ אתו יונה אי׳ קמיה a dove came down and rolled before him in spasms.—Trnsf. to be agitated, troubled. Targ. Gen. XLI, 8 (some ed. מְטַר׳ Part. pass. Pa., v. supra). Targ. Ps. LXXVII, 5; a. fr.—Y. Taan. I, 64ᵇ bot. למה אִיטָּרְפוּן … להכא why did the rabbis (you) take the trouble of coming hither.
- 2. to be spotted, full, of incisions &c., v. supra a. טָרוּף.
- 3. to become, or be t’refah. Ḥull. 57ᵇ במידי דמִיטָּרְפָה בה in the same limb through the mutilation of which the animal became t’refah. Ib. 48ᵃ דלאו מיניה מיטָּרְפָא where the cause of its being t’refah lies not in the mutilated limb itself.
טְרַף II
- m., v. טַרְפָא
טֶרֶף
- preced.)
- 1. prey. Sot. 47ᵇ, v. טָרַף.—Gen. R. s. 99 (ref. to מטרף, Gen. XLIX, 9) מטַרְפּוֹ של יוסף from making Joseph a prey, i.e. saving Joseph; מטַרְפָּהּ של תמר saving Tamar. Yalk. Ps. 637; Midr. Till. to Ps. VII, ed. Bub. יושב על טַרְפּוֹ (oth. ed. טְרֵפָתוֹ) sits over his prey. e.g. Genesis 49:9
- 2. food. Snh. 108ᵇ, v. next w.
- 3. (v. next w.) foliage, green. Sifra Metsora, beg. ובראשה ט׳ with green foliage on its top, v. next w.; Y. Sot. II, 18ᵃ top וראשה ט׳ (corr. acc., or read as Tosef. Neg. VIII, 2 טרוף).
טָרָף
- preced.) plucked, fresh; (homilet., v. preced.) nourishment. Snh. 108ᵇ (ref. to Gen. VIII, 11) מאי משמע דהאי ט׳ לישנא דמזוני הוא what evidence is there that taraf has the meaning of food? Answ. ref. to הטריפני (Prov. XXX, 8); Erub. 18ᵇ (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note). e.g. Genesis 8:11
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H2965, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derives from
Shares the same root
Compare all same-root words → They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 1 verse that also exists in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 1 Hebrew verse it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
