1 Kings 4:10

Hebrew (Westminster Leningrad Codex)

English Translation

Ben Hesed, in Arubboth (to him [pertained] Socoh, and all the land of Hepher);

World English Bible · Public Domain

Highlights

1 hapax legomenon — only here in the Hebrew Bible
2 first appearances in the Hebrew Bible

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Word by word

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בָּֽאֲרֻבּ֑וֹת

ʼĂrubbôwth

H700

“in/at the · windows”

Preposition, Determined + Noun, Proper

Appears 1× in the Hebrew Bible
First appears here

Full BDB Definition

Origin: plural of H699

TWOT: None

Aruboth = "windows" - a district marked by Solomon for tax purposes

About this verse

These counts appear in no published source. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged text and Lemma’s own curated glosses. What Lemma adds →

8: words
6: distinct lemmas
Historical: section

Notable vocabulary

1 hapax legomenon — a word that appears only here in the entire Hebrew Bible:

בָּֽאֲרֻבּ֑וֹת windows H700

First appearance in Scripture

These words make their first canonical appearance in the Hebrew Bible here:

בֶּן Ben-hesed H1136
בָּֽאֲרֻבּ֑וֹת windows H700

Grammatical profile

7 nouns
1 preposition

Repetition

A word recurs within this verse — often emphatic in Hebrew:

בֶּן Ben-hesed H1136 ×2

Hebrew & Septuagint length

In English translation the verse runs 14 words from the Hebrew and 15 from the Septuagint (LXX English) — closely comparable.

A rough comparison of the two English renderings, which tokenize alike — not a word-level alignment.

Word counts can differ between the Hebrew and the Greek without any difference in meaning — e.g. the Hebrew direct-object marker אֵת has no separate Greek word, and Greek often adds the article ὁ.

In the original languages it is 8 Hebrew tokens and 6 Greek tokens — but the two are counted differently (Hebrew bundles its prefixes and suffixes into one token; the Greek is in lemma form), so that isn’t a like-for-like length.

Cross-references

Topical passages linked to 1 Kings 4:10 in the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — connected by theme and wording, ordered by reader-vote popularity; previews shown in the World English Bible.

Joshua 12:17 the king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
Joshua 15:35 Jarmuth, and Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah,
Joshua 17:2 So [the lot] was for the rest of the children of Manasseh according to their families: for the children of Abiezer, and for the children of Helek, and for the children of Asriel, and for the children of Shechem, and for the children of Hepher, and for the children of Shemida: these were the male children of Manasseh the son of Joseph according to their families.

Cross-references courtesy of OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0).

Hebrew and Greek witnesses Masoretic Hebrew ↔ Greek Septuagint

The same verse in the two great witnesses to the Old Testament, shown verse-for-verse.

These are two independent witnesses, not word-aligned to each other, and the Septuagint is shown in lemma (dictionary) form.

Hebrew 1 Kings 4:10 Masoretic · Westminster Leningrad Codex

בֶּן חֶ֖סֶד בָּֽאֲרֻבּ֑וֹת ל֥וֹ שֹׂכֹ֖ה וְכָל אֶ֥רֶץ חֵֽפֶר

Ben Hesed, in Arubboth (to him [pertained] Socoh, and all the land of Hepher);

World English Bible · Public Domain

Greek LXX 1 Kings 4:10 Septuagint · lemma form

υἱός εσωθ βηρβηθνεμα λουσαμηνχα καί ρησφαρα

The son of Esdi in Araboth; his was Socho, and all the land of Opher.

LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) · Public Domain

Hebrew: Westminster Leningrad Codex (CC BY 4.0). Greek: Septuagint (public domain); English from LXX2012 (modern English Septuagint) (Public Domain). How the Septuagint differs from the Hebrew →

Targum (Aramaic paraphrase)

The Targum is the ancient Jewish Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Scriptures — an interpretive translation, not the Hebrew text itself. Onkelos (literal) and Pseudo-Jonathan (expansive) render the Torah, and Jonathan the Prophets. Coverage is partial: where no permissively-licensed English translation exists for a verse, only the Aramaic is shown. This is verse-level text, not a word-by-word alignment to the Hebrew.

Targum Jonathan Prophets (Joshua–Malachi)

בַּר חֶסֶד בַּאֲרֻבּוֹת דִילֵיהּ סוֹכוֹ וְכָל אֲרַע חֵפֶר:

(no public-domain English translation for this verse)

Targum Jonathan — Aramaic: “Mikraot Gedolot” (public domain). English: “Sefaria Community Translation” (CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication)); “London "Chaldee Paraphrase," 1871” (public domain). Text via Sefaria.

Commentary

Notes on 1 Kings 4:10 from classic Christian and Jewish commentators (each source and its license shown beneath its notes). The classic Christian expositions comment on the surrounding passage and are grouped to its opening verse, so a note may address several verses; the Jewish commentaries on the Tanakh (Rashi and others) are per-verse, so they appear only where the commentator wrote on this verse.

Lemma curates 59 commentaries, every one of them public domain or Creative Commons licensed, each selected and text-cleaned for this edition rather than reprinted as found. About our sources →

Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(10) The third division was also in the land of the Philistines, being part of the territory assigned to Judah. Sochoh is mentioned in Jos_15:35, and is noticed in 1Sa_17:1-3 as close to the field of battle on which David slew Goliath. Hepher is an old Amorite city which was conquered by Joshua (Jos_12:17), still, by a curious survival, giving its name to the whole district, to which the name Aruboth (otherwise unknown) is here also given.

A Bible Commentary for English Readers, edited by Charles John Ellicott (1878–1897) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne

10. the son of Hesed] Read Ben-Hesed. Of Hesed we have no further notice.

in Aruboth] The Hebrew points require us to spell the word Arubboth. Judging from the names which follow, Arubboth was a town or district in the low country lying between the mountainous portion of Judah and the Mediterranean. There was Sochoh (more correctly Socoh) a place noticed Jos_15:35, and also as being near the encampment of the Philistines in Goliath’s time (1Sa_17:1). A king of Hepher is mentioned Jos_12:17, to whom probably this land of Hepher pertained. The other names in the list in Joshua are of towns in this district to which we know Socoh belonged.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (gen. ed. J. J. S. Perowne; Cambridge University Press, 1878–1918) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Gill's Exposition

The son of Abinadab in all the region of Dor,.... The same with Dor and her towns, belonged to the half tribe of Manasseh, on this side Jordan, Jos 17:11;

which had Taphath the daughter of Solomon to wife; not when he was first put into this office, when, in all probability, Solomon had not a daughter marriageable; but behaving well in it, in process of time he bestowed a daughter of his on him.

John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible (1746–1763) — public domain (CC PDM 1.0). Text via the HelloAO Bible API.

Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Sochoh - See Jos 15:35.

Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible (1834–1885) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.

Matthew Poole's English Annotations

There were two Sochohs, but both near together. See Jos 15:35,48.

The land of Hepher, in Judah. See 1Ch 4:6.

Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible (1683–1685) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword/MySword module.

Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

Daniel D. Whedon

10. Aruboth… Socoh… Hepher — Sites now unknown.

Daniel D. Whedon (gen. ed.), Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1874–1909) — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

The Pulpit Commentary

The son of Hesed Ben. Hosed, in Aruboth (Heb. Arubboth, unknown) ; to him pertained Sochoh there were two cities of this name, one in the mountain, (Jos_15:48) and one in the "valley" (the Shefelah,, Jos_15:33, Jos_15:35) and both in the tribe of Judah, from which, therefore, this third district was taken, and all the land of Hepher. Jos_12:17. Ewald holds that this place was in Manasseh, and that "it is impossible in the twelve districts to find any portion of Judah." (But see above.)

The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1919), ed. H.D.M. Spence-Jones & Joseph S. Exell — public domain. Text from a community e-Sword module.

John Wesley's Explanatory Notes

Hepher - In Judah.

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the Whole Bible (1754–1765) — public domain. Text via the GEBible commentary corpus.

Lesson kit

Teaching starters — assembled from the data on this page, not authored interpretation. Every prompt links to the verse data it draws on. Edit before teaching.

1 Kings, in the Historical, opens this verse with 8 words (6 distinct Hebrew lemmas). Its most distinctive word is ʼĂrubbôwth (“windows”). A historical commentator’s framing appears above. Read the whole chapter for the surrounding context.

Discussion questions

The word ʼĂrubbôwth carries the sense “windows.” How does it shape the verse?
This verse holds 1 word here found nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. What might the rare word draw attention to?
2 words here appear for the first time in Scripture. What is being introduced at this debut?
Joshua 12:17 shares this passage’s theme. How do the two illuminate each other?
“Ben-hesed” occurs 2× in this one verse. What is the effect of the repetition?
The translations on this page render this verse differently — a whole-verse word diff, not a word-by-word alignment. What might account for the different wordings?
Reading how Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers and The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges read this verse, where do the two commentators agree and where do they part?

Things to notice

1 word in this verse appears nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible.
2 words make their first canonical appearance in Scripture here.
This verse counts 8 Hebrew ↔ 6 Greek words.
These translations choose different wording for 8 words in this verse.
“Ben-hesed” occurs 2× in this single verse.