מָעוּף
gloom
Full lexicon entry — Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
From Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
Where this word appears
Grammar key — what these labels mean
Part of speech
- Noun
- A naming word — a person, place, thing, or idea.
Noun type
- Common
- A common noun — a general class of person, place, or thing (“king,” “city,” “water”), not a specific name.
State
- Construct
- A noun bound to a following noun in a possessive / “of” relationship (the construct chain).
Gender
- Masculine
- Grammatically masculine.
Number
- Singular
- One.
Every verse where H4588 appears — 1 distinct verse across 1 book. Click any verse to open its interlinear word-by-word view. Verse text shown in the World English Bible for context — . Each verse’s Hebrew form is shown with its reference; the English is not keyword-highlighted, since the data carries no word-level English alignment. Use “Compare translations” on any verse to read it across multiple English versions. This concordance covers the Hebrew Bible; Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) occurrences are not indexed here.
Isaiah 1 verse
About this entry
At a glance — auto-summarized from this page’s data, not written by a person. Every figure links to its source below. This summary describes the numbers; it doesn’t interpret them.
“gloom” is the headline sense of the Hebrew noun מעוף (mâʻûwph). It is rare — just 1 verse in the entire Hebrew Bible. More than three-quarters of its appearances fall in Isaiah. Its lone occurrence is Isaiah 8:22. Related forms include עוף, מועף and עוף. The sections below give every sense, occurrence, and version rendering.
Gloss history
Strong's 1890 vs modern scholarship
About this word
Strong's H4588 catalogs a Hebrew word from the Hebrew Old Testament.
These counts are not copied from any lexicon or concordance. They are computed here, from the morphology-tagged Hebrew Old Testament. What Lemma adds →
- 1
- distinct verses
- The word appears in 1 distinct verse.
- 1 / 39
- OT books
- The word appears in 1 of 39 Old Testament books.
- #6,101
- by frequency
- Rank #6,101 (rank 6,101 of 8,640 Hebrew words by occurrence).
View all 1 occurrence in the concordance →
Most concentrated in
- Isaiah 1 verse 100%
By section of the Old Testament
By traditional corpus
Conventional, traditional groupings — biblical authorship is debated, so this is a traditional corpus grouping, not an authorship claim. Each share is this word’s portion of its verses in that division of the Hebrew canon. Each figure is a share of the word’s 1 distinct verse.
- Prophets (Nevi'im) 1 verse · 100%
How translations render this word
Counts come from each version’s own published word-to-Strong’s tagging or interlinear alignment — an approximate guide to how each version renders this word, not a word-level alignment the data otherwise carries. Because each total is that version’s own tagged count, the per-version totals vary from one another and need not match the appearance or distinct-verse counts above. These counts may also differ from a printed concordance because Lemma counts each distinctly tagged rendering and does not collapse phrase taggings into a single head-word total. This is a fixed set of word-tagged versions (KJV, ASV, BSB, ULT) and does not change with the reading translation you choose elsewhere. Each version’s license is shown beside its name below (and on Sources).
- King James Version: Dimness 1×
- American Standard Version: Gloom 1×
- Berean Standard Bible: Gloom 1×
- unfoldingWord Literal Text: Gloom 1×
King James Version Public Domain
Renders H4588 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
American Standard Version Public Domain
Renders H4588 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Berean Standard Bible Public Domain
Renders H4588 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
unfoldingWord Literal Text CC BY-SA 4.0
Renders H4588 across 1 tagged occurrence — most commonly:
Senses in BDB
The 1 sense BDB distinguishes for this word, in lexicon order (not ranked by frequency or importance). The full entry — with sub-senses — is in the Lexicon Entry tab.
- gloom
Word origin
n.[m.] id.;—cstr. מְעוּף צוּקָה Is 8:22 (‖ הֲשֵׁכָה); CheHpt. reads מוּעַף.
— Brown-Driver-Briggs (Oxford 1906, public domain), digitized via Sefaria, supplemented by the OpenScriptures HebrewLexicon (CC BY 4.0). See Sources.
Derived from עוף (ʻûwph) (H5774) — to fly.
Jastrow Dictionary
A second Hebrew/Aramaic lexicon for comparison, covering Aramaic and post-biblical (Talmudic, Targumic, Midrashic) usage that the biblical-Hebrew BDB does not. Matched by lemma rather than by Strong’s number, so a lemma may carry more than one Jastrow headword (shown separately below), and the entries cover usage well beyond the Bible.
עוּף I
- to be bent, doubled; to be wearied. Ḥull. II, 3 ועָף, v. שָׁחַז. Midr. Sam. ch. XXIII, beg. מריב עונית … עָפִים ומתעלפים on account of the multitude of my sins are the righteous in me wearied and faint.—Denom. עוֹף, עָיֵף.
עוּף
- ch., v. עִיף
עוּף II
- to fly. Sabb. 26ᵃ מפני שהוא עָף because it is volatile (explosive). [Sot. 45ᵃ עפו, עף Ar., v. צוּף.]
- same. Ber. 63ᵃ פרנסתו מְעוֹפֶפֶת לו כעוף his sustenance comes flying to him like a bird. Ḥull. XII, 3 היתה מעופפת if the mother bird was flying about the nest; Tosef. ib. X, 10. Pirké d’R. El. ch. IV ובשתים מְעוֹפְפִים וכ׳ and with two wings they fly, and they sanctify &c.; Yalk. Is. 271; a. e.
עוּף ²
- Targ. O. Deut. IV, 17 דפרח דתיעוף ed. Lisb. (ed. only דפרח; דתיעוף being a gloss).
עוֹף
- [bend, wing; cmp. כָּנָף,] bird, fowl. B. Kam. 92ᵇ (quoted fr. כתובים) כל ע׳ למינו ישכון ובן אדם לדומה לו (not ובני; Tosaf. ע׳ כנף) every bird nests according to (with) its kind, and man with one like himself; Yalk. Gen. 116; Yalk. Jud. 67. Ḥull. 27ᵇ, a. fr. אין שחיטה לע׳ מן התורה the ritual slaughtering of birds is not indicated in the Torah. Sabb. 130ᵃ, a. e. במקומו … בשר ע׳ בחלב in the native town of R. J. the Galilean they ate poultry prepared with milk; a. v. fr.—Pl. עוֹפוֹת. Ḥull. l. c. Gen. R. s. 67, v. סִכְסֵךְ I; a. fr.
עוֹף ²
- Targ. Y. Lev. V, 10. Targ. Gen. I, 20; a. fr.—Pl. עוֹפִין, עוֹפַיָּא, עוֹפָן. Targ. Ps. L, 11 Ms. (ed. sing.). Ib. XXIII, 5 ed. Lag. Targ. Y. Gen. XXV, 27.
עִיף II
- to bend, double. Targ. Ex. XXVI, 9 ותְעוּף Ms. I (Ms. II ותְעִיף; O. ed. Berl. a. Y. ותֵיעוֹף; oth. ed. ותָעֵיף Af.).—Part. pass. (עֵיף) עִיף. Ib. XXVIII, 16; XXXIX, 9 (Y. ed. Vien. עֵיף).—Ber. 56ᵃ, v. חָסָא I. Ḥull. 51ᵇ עִיף מֵיעַף Ar. (Alf. עָיֵיף מיעף; ed. עוף ומעופף) if the cloak is well folded.
- to double, fold. Keth. 67ᵇ עַיְּיפִינְהוּ וכ׳ he doubled them (his gifts) and sent them to him. Sabb. 134ᵃ ולְעַיֵּיף ליה לעילאי (not ועייף; Rashi ולעַפְפֵיה; Ms. Rashi וליכייפיה, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) let him bend the border upward. Erub. 96ᵇ אדעתא … עייפינהו he doubled them with the intention of making borders to a cloak. Men. 42ᵃ; a. e.
- same, v. supra.
- , v. עֲפַף
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow; London, Luzac, 1903) — Public Domain. Digitized via Sefaria. Digitized via Sefaria. Full attribution on Sources.
Same root — word family
Other BDB entries built from the same root as H4588, grouped by Strong’s listed origin. These share a root / origin per the lexicon — not necessarily a shared meaning. Each links to that word’s own entry.
Derives from
Shares the same root
- מועף mûwʻâph H4155 darkness
- עוף ʻôwph H5775 bird
- עיפה ʻêyphâh H5890 darkness
- עפעף ʻaphʻaph H6079 eyelid
Compare all same-root words → Showing 4 of 6 — not the complete family. They share a root, not necessarily a meaning.
Septuagint verse parallels
This word appears in 1 verse that also exists in the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint), out of the 1 Hebrew verse it occurs in. You can read those verses in Greek by switching the Old Testament edition to the Septuagint.
Read these verses in the Septuagint
This is a verse-level parallel only — the same verses exist in both the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments. No word-level Hebrew↔Greek correspondence is claimed: the data carries no such alignment, so no Greek word is shown as this Hebrew word’s translation. Coverage is not total — the Septuagint omits the deuterocanon and renumbers the Psalms, so some Hebrew verses have no direct Greek parallel.
